Sound
Overview
Sound is a type of energy in the form of a wave that travels through a medium, such as a guitar string, air, or water. Just as some waves have alternating peaks and valleys, sound waves have alternating regions of high density (compressions) and low density (rarefactions). These regions result from the energy pushing particles away from a source and into surrounding particles, where they collide, transfer energy, and thus propagate the sound wave before bouncing back.
The rate at which particles vibrate forward and back—the frequency—corresponds to pitch, while the severity of vibrations corresponds to loudness. Because sound requires the movement of matter particles, it cannot exist in the vacuum of space, and its properties vary according to the medium it travels through. For example, sound travels faster in denser, hotter materials, where closely-packed, fast-moving particles can quickly collide and transfer energy.
Virtually all animals hear via specialized structures that convert the energy of sound waves into electrical signals for the nervous system, provided the structures are sensitive enough to feel the vibrations. As with other waves, sounds can be absorbed, reflected, and interfere with one another, with overlapping vibrations producing unique sounds or canceling one another out.
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