Special Relativity
Overview
The special theory of relativity consists of two postulates detailed by Albert Einstein in 1905. First, the laws of physics are identical for all observers—the principle of relativity. Second, the speed of light in a vacuum is the same for all observers.
The postulates arose from a conflict between classical physics, which held that measured speeds depend on an observer's motion, and the theory of electromagnetism, which suggested that the speed of light is constant, regardless of motion. To resolve this, Einstein established the speed of light as the cosmic speed limit and modified how length, duration, and relative speed are calculated.
According to special relativity, time elapses more slowly for moving objects, and they appear to shrink in the direction of travel. Einstein's professor captured these effects geometrically by introducing spacetime—a combination of space and time. The mathematics of special relativity also revealed that mass and energy are equivalent, as expressed by E = mc².
The concepts of special relativity have been validated by atomic clocks, particle accelerator experiments, and observations of cosmic ray showers. However, its speed limit clashed with Isaac Newton's picture of infinitely fast gravity, leading Einstein to generalize special relativity to incorporate gravity and curved spacetime.
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