Listen to how the gut microbiome influences your emotions

Can the gut microbiome influence personality?

New research suggests the bacteria in our gut—through the hormones and molecules they produce—can contribute to conditions ranging from depression to anxiety, and much more. The findings suggest diets have a direct impact on mental health and may lead to new therapies.

Chemicals from the gut have complex interactions with the rest of the body

Trillions of bacteria live in our guts, producing a wide range of molecules, hormones, and more. This review underscores the immune system’s pivotal role in the microbiota–gut–brain axis. Gut microbes influence immune cells and metabolites, which in turn modulate neurodevelopment, neural signaling, mood, and neuroinflammation—highlighting immune pathways as central mediators in gut‑brain communication.

Bacteria in our intestine influence the brain via the gut-brain axis

The gut-brain axis refers to the physical connection between the central nervous system and the digestive tract. Signaling molecules and hormones produced in the gut directly affect brain functions via this internal highway.

How the microbiome affects your health

The gut microbiome is so influential to overall human health that some researchers consider it a separate organ. Its conditions, influenced by environmental and lifestyle factors such as medication and exercise, contribute to immunity, metabolism, inflammation, medical treatment efficacy, brain development and function, and the development of disorders and diseases, including asthma, depression, inflammatory bowel disease, and Alzheimer's.

Explaining the physical connection between the gut and brain

This video overview from Duke University helps visualize the gut-brain axis—a physical connection of nerves running from the brain to digestive tract that acts as a physical and chemical link.

Can the gut microbiome drive addiction?

New research suggests an imbalance of gut microorganisms may influence the likelihood of addiction and addictive behaviors by increasing the severity of withdrawal symptoms, triggering brain inflammation in regions of impulse control, and more.

How to maintain a healthy gut

Approximately 40 trillion microbes reside in the human gut, forming a unique microbiome, containing hundreds of millions of neurons in what is often called a "mini-brain". A healthy gut is characterized by an effective mucus-lined barrier that prevents unwanted substances from entering the bloodstream. So how do you attain such an ideal gut? This guide outlines a healthy approach to protecting your gut.

The gut microbiome, explained

This video from 1440 takes a high-level look at what populates the gut microbiome, its purpose, how it affects our health, and much more.

What is the gut virome?

The gut microbiome's community of viruses is collectively known as the virome. It has been found to affect immune system development—important to the gut-brain axis—and has been implicated in the development of inflammatory bowel disease and Type 2 diabetes. As of early 2023, less than half of the viral sequences in the gut had been identified. Further study is needed to understand the virome's influence and therapeutic potential.

What is the gut microbiome?

The gut microbiome is a microscopic ecosystem that runs off the work of microbes in the digestive tract. These workers make getting energy from food possible. What and how that energy manifests depends on what building blocks these microbes have to work with, meaning their composition and functions are strongly influenced by diet. Gut microbes have their own genes, which affect how a person's genes act.

Some dementia cases may be linked to microorganisms in the brain

Researchers now know that, much like the gut, the brain is home to an ecosystem of microorganisms—the brain microbiome. While this area of study is still new, some scientists believe 50% of bacteria-caused dementia cases could be treated. (Some users may encounter a paywall.)

The reason some people love exercise may be because of their microbiome

Certain gut microbes in mice trigger dopamine release and drive motivation to exercise more. Scientists are investigating whether humans carry similar microbial patterns that influence our natural inclination towards movement, exploring how unseen microbial ecosystems may shape mammalian fitness behavior and reinforce innate reward pathways. (Some users may experience a paywall.)

Touch deprivation can heighten anxiety and depression

Pacinian Corpuscles are pressure receptors just under the skin that send signals to the vagus nerve in the brain—that's the cranial nerve which regulates involuntary actions like breathing, heart rate, and the general "fight or flight" response. Activating those receptors can slow the heart, decrease blood pressure, and lead to the release of oxytocin and cortisol. The absence of touch, conversely, can promote negative feelings.

A web of sensory neurons in the skin help filter out background sensations

The somatosensory system helps us organize and navigate our surroundings, enabling us to understand our bodies in relation to our environment and also filter out minor sensations that are basically background noise so they aren't overwhelming to our bodies. Meanwhile, viscerosensation—or internal sensation—refers to the internal sensory neuron system that conveys information from internal organs to the brain.

Sleep disorders can exacerbate neurological and other health conditions

Brain regions that control sleep sit adjacent to those that regulate the autonomic nervous system, which controls involuntary bodily functions like heart and breathing rates. These neighbors influence each other, meaning poor sleep can impair or negatively impact the ANS, further disturbing sleep.

Grief rewires the human brain

The human brain handles stress and emotional traumas similarly. In response to the emotional stress of a situation like the death of a loved one, divorce, or abuse, the brain may strengthen or weaken connections between nerves to form new neural connections. Over time, chronic stress can diminish brainpower, reducing overall nerve growth and memory to shift resources to enable elevated fear responses and enable humans to survive.

The limbic system drives emotion, memory, and survival instincts in the brain.

This interconnected group of brain structures—including the amygdala, hippocampus, thalamus, and hypothalamus—processes emotional responses, regulates bodily functions, and plays a key role in memory and learning.

Scientists seeking gut insights are attaching flatulence sensors to volunteers' underwear

This fart-tracking device detects gas generated in the gut, providing insights about gut microbial activity. The underwear sensors measure a component of what is technically called flatus—digestive system gas.

Scientists have unraveled new details about which nerve cells control goose bumps

Research in 2016 revealed that at least eight different types of neurons are associated with the sympathetic nervous system. One finding revealed that goose bumps and nipple erection are caused by neurons specialized to regulate these specific functions by controlling the erectile muscles in those tissues.

Menopause affects the brain in complex ways

Lisa Mosconi, a neuroscientist studying the impact of menopause on the brain, explains in this video how menopause directly impacts a woman's brain health and explores why this is an important and often overlooked area in menopause and women's aging healthcare discussions.

Neural rhythms shape how we move, focus, remember, and interact with the world

Millions of neurons in the brain produce rhythmic electrical signals, or brain waves, that guide physical movement and help form and store memories. Researchers also use these rhythms to create brain-computer interfaces, letting people control devices using only their thoughts.

See why food poisoning makes you feel nauseous

Scroll through these illustrations to learn what’s happening behind the scenes with bacterial foodborne illnesses, including why we sometimes vomit and how the body reacts to toxins secreted by bacteria.

We may be using Q-tips in our ears—even when we shouldn't—because they can stimulate pleasure nerves

People continue to use Q-tips inside their ears even though we know it's risky. Some clinicians suggest that beyond the desire to get water out, this may be because the nerve bundle called the vagus nerve, which spans from the brain to the large intestine, can be stimulated that way, causing a pleasurable sensation in other body parts including the heart, belly, or genitals.

Emotional crying is an important and cathartic process

Though babies don't initially produce tears when they cry, this podcast discusses how humans are hardwired to cry throughout life. Most crying research relies on self-reporting of crying and emotions. This podcast notes that there aren't neuroimaging studies of crying—they're quite expensive to complete. As a result, the brain precursors and processes during a bout of crying remain understudied.

The science of spring fever

Researchers have confirmed what people have sensed for ages: Our emotions during the springtime can go a little wild. This piece breaks down the impact of the seasonal transition on our bodies and prescribes a few ways to mitigate the effects.

Hookworm infection, though risky, may help fight certain autoimmune conditions by tamping down the immune system's inflammatory response.

Recent research found that the brain doesn't seem to massively rewire following amputation—upending earlier beliefs about the cause of phantom limb pain.

Alzheimer's can lead to brain shrinkage, with an average of around 2% of volume reduction per year

Read a deep dive on the 'all-purpose healing' peptide BPC-157.

Learn how your body is, scientifically, like a firework with its own slow, controlled burn.

Researchers believe the brain consolidates memories, processes emotions, and plans for the future during dream states

Explore an interactive map built from more than 100,000 survey responses on where people find joy in their lives

Crows are believed to have intelligence on par with a seven-year-old child and demonstrate complex behaviors, from problem-solving with tools to recognizing human faces.

Listen to an in-depth conversation on the links between Parkinson's disease and herbicide exposure and the challenging pace of scientific investigation.

Watch how viruses like Ebola can spill over from animals to humans—and vice-versa.

See how each of the more than two million known species relates to each other—and to common ancestors—in this zoomable tree of life.

After NASA's Voyager 1 captured Earth as a single pixel as it left the solar system in 1990, astronomer Carl Sagan used the image to reflect on humanity's fragility and the responsibility to protect 'the only world we've ever known.'

Tattoos remain visible on your skin thanks to immune cells called macrophages

Visualize how CRISPR-Cas9—a type of immune system used by single-celled organisms to attack invasive viruses—targets and makes precise changes to a gene's DNA.

Bone marrow (soft tissue found inside certain bones) generates roughly 500 billion new blood cells each day

The hormonal disorder PCOS was renamed PMOS in 2026, a move designed to improve care and research by shifting the focus to the hormonal causes of this condition that affects 1 in 8 women.

Fish populations in the Great Barrier Reef have increased after installing waterproof speakers on the ocean floor that played recordings of sounds from healthy coral reefs.

Lesser-known phobias include turophobia, or the fear of cheese, and nomophobia, the fear of being without your cell phone.

Use this calculator to find the dollar value of your mental load, from meal planning to coordinating after-school care for your children.

Scientists can determine Earth's past climate conditions by analyzing air trapped in microscopic bubbles within ice cores—columns of compressed snow layers that build up over hundreds of thousands of years.

Memecoins are a type of cryptocurrency—a form of digital currency with a wide variety of uses—created around popular 'memes,' or viral internet jokes.

The Nasdaq's 'Magnificent 7' companies are responsible for roughly 40% of the Nasdaq 100 index's gains, while the remaining 93 companies account for the other 60%.

Graffiti dates back to at least ancient Pompeii, where citizens scrawled messages to one another on public walls

The Ramones' 'Pet Sematary,' the theme song for the Stephen King novel of the same name, was written while the band was admiring the writer's collection of horror memorabilia.

Hear about the 250-year history of the United States Postal Service, complete with some of its strangest deliveries, important innovations, and the figures that made it an American institution.