Addiction

Chronic drug use can cause neurological changes in the brain

Neuroscientist Judy Grisel breaks down the biology of addiction, examining how drugs hijack the brain’s natural reward system and create lasting neural changes. The physiological and neurological impacts of chronic drug use require a multifaceted treatment approach.

Addiction is defined as chronic compulsive drug use despite adverse consequences

This resource from the National Institute on Drug Abuse provides a comprehensive look at addiction as a complex brain disorder. It explores why people initially take addictive substances and how continued use alters the brain’s reward system.

Trauma is a primary risk factor for substance use disorder later in life

Studies indicate 75% of people with substance use disorder have experienced at least one traumatic experience in their life. These experiences alter brain function, leading to heightened stress and emotional pain. Substances offer temporary relief, but this often results in dependency.

Drugs 101: An interactive guide

What's the difference between opioids and psychedelics? This guide details specific drugs and their various associated effects. Drugs in this wheel fall into seven categories: stimulants, depressants, empathogens, psychedelics, dissociatives, cannabinoids, and opioids.

Alcohol use disorder is the most common addiction in the US

This comprehensive overview from the Addiction Center uses recent data from SAMHSA’s National Survey to examine the 10 most common substance dependencies in the United States. It ranks addictions from alcohol (affecting 28.3 million Americans) to barbiturates, while highlighting key trends, risks, and societal impacts.

Addiction develops when the pleasure circuits in the brain get overwhelmed

Normal pleasure circuits become overwhelmed by addictive substances, triggering dopamine floods many times stronger than those induced by everyday reward experiences. The understanding of addiction as a brain disease has led to treatments pairing medication and counseling.

Drug tolerance and withdrawals are consequences of overloading dopamine circuits

Addictive substances or behaviors will typically flood our brains with more dopamine than usual. In response to the overstimulation, our brains will decrease the number of available dopamine receptors. This results in the need for more stimulus for the same response (tolerance) and a rise in negative feelings when the stimulus is absent (withdrawal).

Delirium tremens is the most severe form of alcohol withdrawal

Due to the impact of alcohol on the central nervous system, withdrawal from the drug can cause severe effects. Roughly 1% to 1.5% of heavy drinkers will experience delirium tremens, which includes tremors, seizures, hallucinations, and more. Onset typically occurs 48-72 hours after the last drink.

'Susan's Brain': what happens to the brain during addiction

This engaging animation from Harvard Online breaks down the neuroscience of addiction through the story of “Susan’s brain,” demonstrating how addictive substances hijack normal reward pathways. Through clear visual metaphors and approachable narration, it explains complex brain chemistry in understandable terms.

Naltrexone blocks the reward effects of alcohol and opioids

Naltrexone is used to treat alcohol and opioid dependence, blocking opioid receptors in the brain, reducing cravings, and preventing the euphoric effects of alcohol or opioids. It is nonaddictive and works best as part of a comprehensive treatment plan, including counseling or therapy, to support long-term recovery.