Arthritis explained, with Dr. Nick Golinvaux

Arthritis is an umbrella term for various conditions that cause joint pain

Arthritis isn’t one single disease, but rather a range of conditions that all lead back to the same outcome—joint pain. This American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons primer is a go-to resource for understanding what arthritis is, the most common types, and various treatment options depending on the underlying cause.

Arthritis affects almost 60 million Americans

Arthritis refers to a range of conditions resulting in joint pain that currently affects nearly 60 million people in the United States alone. This resource from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention explores the basics of arthritis and provides resources for understanding its near-universal impact on our population.

The most common type of arthritis is osteoarthritis, or age-related cartilage loss

The most common form of arthritis is osteoarthritis. It's caused by cartilage loss within our joints as we age. This article is formatted specifically for patients. It provides easily digestible information on our most evidence-based understanding of osteoarthritis causes, symptoms, and treatments.

Real surgical footage reveals what arthritis looks like up close

Arthritis is a painful condition of human joints that often results from the loss or breakdown of the soft cartilage padding that naturally exists between bones. This video shows footage from an actual knee surgery that beautifully demonstrates the difference between normal cartilage and the degenerative cartilage seen in osteoarthritis.

Five advancements in arthritis research

It is estimated that nearly 350 million people worldwide are currently suffering from arthritis. This resource explores five of the most promising recent advancements in arthritis research as scientists work towards improved treatments and continue the search for a cure.

There is no cure for the general condition of arthritis

While there are innumerable conditions ultimately leading to the joint pain we collectively term "arthritis," one common pathway is progressive inflammation and joint damage many years after an injury.

Visualizing a joint under attack from rheumatoid arthritis

A particularly difficult arthritis subtype is rheumatoid arthritis, a painful condition provoking a vicious cycle of joint inflammation, destruction, and dysfunction. It begins with a misfiring of the patient’s own immune system—for unknown reasons, it identifies joint and cartilage cells as foreign, initiating an attack to eliminate the supposed "invaders."

Anatomy of a healthy knee joint

To understand arthritis, study a normal joint. Where two bones come together, each is lined by a cartilage cap. These bones are linked together by strong ligaments. The inner juncture is lined by a joint capsule (synovial membrane) containing lubricating joint fluid between the two surfaces, allowing for near-frictionless motion.

Aging explained with Dr. Nick Golinvaux

Aging is more than wrinkles and gray hair—it’s a gradual decline in cellular function. Over time, DNA damage, telomere shortening, and mitochondrial inefficiency contribute to weaker bones, slower memory, and reduced vitality. While aging is inevitable, regular exercise, quality sleep, and stress management maintain health and extend one’s years.

Kangaroos evolved exceptionally thick knee cartilage to absorb shock

There is significant conflict in the medical field regarding chronic arthritis. Some advocate for keeping the joint as active as possible while others argue progressive overuse leads to worsening arthritis. To settle the score, scientists have looked outside the human population, discovering kangaroos rarely suffer from arthritis in their knees.

The collapse of gas bubbles in the joint synovial fluid causes 'cracking' knuckles

The human population can be divided into two categories: those who crack their knuckles and those who don't. Do you know the technical term for this phenomenon is "tribonucleation?" What actually happens inside a knuckle when it pops? This visual explainer breaks down finger joint popping in real time.

Addressing lifestyle factors, which influence inflammation, can cure some chronic diseases

In this video, a physician claims that he reversed a patient's Type 2 diabetes in six weeks by addressing inflammation drivers such as diet. More broadly, he argues that society needs to better consider and address numerous disease factors that are modulated by inflammation, such as stress, sleep, diet, and movement.

What's the point of pain?

It's notoriously hard to define pain, though everyone knows what it is. From day to day aches to the worst pains imaginable, this video goes into what researchers know about the purpose of pain. An estimated quarter of all adults live with chronic pain, which is defined as at least three months of pain.

Collagen supplements have become a multibillion-dollar industry

Beginning in our 20s, the amount of this protein in our skin, muscles, and connective tissue declines. But independent, high-quality studies—like those that are double-blind—have not yet shown a significant association between their use and evidence of it improving skin elasticity, reducing wrinkles, or combating hair loss. Some collagen supplements do seem to help with joint pain and knee function, but NPR cautions that studies on that purpose are industry-funded.

How ALS (Lou Gehrig’s Disease) might work, and what scientists are learning about it

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disorder that affects the nerve cells (neurons) controlling muscle movement. As the motor neurons degenerate, they stop sending signals to the muscles, causing progressive muscle weakness and, eventually, death. This three-minute animation focuses on the mechanisms within the motor neurons that cause them to degenerate. By understanding these mechanisms, researchers hope to one day find a cure for ALS.

Breaking down various tongue disorders, from infections to genetics

Taste is one of our fundamental senses, but can be impeded by a wide variety of conditions including glossitis, angioedema, and black hairy tongue. Most are characterized by their color, shape, and sometimes change in function. Causes range from vitamin or mineral deficiencies to fluid accumulation, fungal infection, or more.

A first-person account of receiving an Alzheimer's diagnosis

Having Alzheimer's is a bit like having a part of your brain sliced away each day, according to author Greg O'Brien. This 34-minute podcast episode introduces O'Brien and his co-host, author David Shenk, as the two embark on a multi-season conversation on Alzheimer's disease and O'Brien's diagnosis.

Exercise helps make your arteries more elastic

Regular aerobic exercise releases nitric oxide, a key molecule that relaxes blood vessel walls and improves vascular function. These exercise-induced adaptations make the heart work more efficiently and blood vessels become more elastic, leading to improved circulation and lowered cardiovascular risk.

Strengthening your butt muscles can help protect against running injuries

More than 28 million people may go running in the US every week, yet people often get hurt—especially with knee injuries—and this podcast explores the science on what happens to our bodies when we run and the effects on our muscles and joints. It also discusses safety tips, including the need to only add more distance to your runs in tiny increments, and that strengthening glute muscles via single-leg glute bridges may be particularly protective against injuries.

Dengue is sometimes called 'breakbone fever' because it's so painful

Though this mosquito-transmitted disease can be asymptomatic, in more severe cases patients experience high fever, muscle spasms, and joint pain. The experience can be so excruciating that it feels like the patient's bones are broken, thus the nickname of breakbone fever. It's the world's fastest spreading tropical disease.

Watch these Canadian doctors critique medical accuracy on television shows

Drs. Paul Zalzal and Brad Weening are orthopedic surgeons and members of the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada. In this episode, they discuss which television shows they think are the most medically accurate. "Grey's Anatomy" did not fare well in their review.

How stress affects every organ in the body

If you are a visual learner, this resource is for you. Not only does this article from the World Economic Forum outline the causes of modern stress along with helpful strategies, but they have created an approachable infographic to show exactly how stress manifests throughout our different bodily systems. Pair this visual guide with our other resources to gain a deep knowledge of stress and the human body.

The word allergy is partly derived from the Greek word 'allos' for 'other'

For people with allergies, their immune systems recognize substances as a harmful "other"—cuing an inflammatory response. This podcast explores allergy details and related topics, including how scientists are interested in if the same allergic response mechanisms could underpin other health issues, including severe, painful symptoms around the time of menstrual cycles. Since estrogen acts on white blood cells called mast cells, which leads to the release of histamines—similar to what happens during allergic responses—an understudied question is whether the same process is fueling some of the uncomfortable symptoms around menstruation. An allergist guest notes this raises questions about if antihistamine medications like Pepsid might alleviate them, something that hasn't yet been explored in clinical trials.

Surgery before the dawn of anesthesia

The arc toward anesthetics was painfully slow, with early pain mitigation offerings ranging from analgesics—drugs that dim pain but don't block it—and numbing surgical sites with cold water to gassing patients with carbon dioxide or bashing or bleeding them unconscious. Such treatments and the torturous surgery they preceded led many to avoid even life-saving procedures, and those who survived often kept silent about the trauma.

A licensed therapist shares advice for kindly addressing feelings of irritation in your relationship

All couples are bound to annoy each other, and it's often not caused by ill will. Reflecting on how and when to express pet peeves is important for ultimately building a connection and helping partners not feel attacked. While differences may not always be fully resolved, it can be helpful to discuss paths forward toward a compromise.

About 2,000 US babies are born annually without some portion of their limbs, potentially leading to a lifetime of pricey prosthetics.

See images of medical cases of firework injuries shared on this 'Instagram for doctors.' (Warning: Graphic content)

Listen to an in-depth conversation on the links between Parkinson's disease and herbicide exposure and the challenging pace of scientific investigation.

Alzheimer's can lead to brain shrinkage, with an average of around 2% of volume reduction per year

Read a deep dive on the 'all-purpose healing' peptide BPC-157.

20,000 letters to the advice columnist 'Dear Abby' provide insight into prevailing sex, religion, and LGBTQ fears, anxieties, and concerns from the 1950s onward.

Bone marrow (soft tissue found inside certain bones) generates roughly 500 billion new blood cells each day

Doctors differentiate between a phobia and fear by asking patients whether their fear interferes with their day-to-day activities.

In 1939, baseball star Lou Gehrig delivered his inspirational 'Luckiest Man' speech after retiring due to the health condition that now bears his name.

Larger animals like giraffes, elephants, and blue whales have developed a unique defense against cancer, a phenomenon known as Peto's Paradox

Poison ivy is in the same family as mangoes, cashews, and pistachios—and they all produce oily urushiol in their raw, unprocessed state—but they are typically prepared in ways to avoid causing human discomfort.

Hookworm infection, though risky, may help fight certain autoimmune conditions by tamping down the immune system's inflammatory response.

Astronauts have repaired genetic damage in space using CRISPR—a molecular tool that can make precise changes to DNA and is used in single-celled organisms to attack invasive viruses.

Corals are themselves not coral reefs—the term refers to the tiny marine invertebrates that build the rigid reef.

SpongeBob exemplifies Aristotle's philosophy for living well because he understands that happiness doesn't come from external factors like money, recognition, or power.

The hormonal disorder PCOS was renamed PMOS in 2026, a move designed to improve care and research by shifting the focus to the hormonal causes of this condition that affects 1 in 8 women.

Gerrymandering works through two techniques: cracking opposing voters across districts to dilute their power, and packing them into a few to waste their votes in lopsided majorities.

At the beginning of the 20th century, a group of young men ate standard American food—replete with food additives like borax and formaldehyde—as part of government research to better understand food safety.

American dance legend Martha Graham, sometimes called 'the Picasso of dance,' refused to perform at the 1936 Olympics in Berlin and conceived the piece 'Chronicle' in response to the experience.

To reduce wrinkles in clothing, research recommends gentle wash cycles with more water and tumble drying with smaller loads and longer times.

Legendary architect Frank Lloyd Wright designed the SC Johnson headquarters in Wisconsin, aiming to make a cathedral-like workplace

Explore the known asteroids, comets, and spacecraft involved in asteroid studies within our solar system with 'Eyes on Asteroids,' a 3D visualization from NASA.

The term 'algorithm' originated from the Latinized name of al-Khwārizmī, a 9th-century mathematician whose works introduced Arabic numerals and the decimal-based numeral system to Europe and whose treatise 'Al-Jabr' gave algebra its name.

Watch this video that uses Lego bricks to explain how venture capital works.

The price of gas is a composite made up of several different factors, with the federal gas tax making up less than 20% of what drivers pay at the pump.