A simple explanation of semiconductors

Semiconductor chips are electronic devices that store and process information

They can contain billions of microscopic switches on a chip smaller than a fingernail. An article provides a quick overview of how the devices work and how they’ve provided the backbone of the computer age.

Transistors are the foundation of electronic signal processing

Small amounts of voltage can allow or block the flow of electrons across a transistor made from modified layers of semiconducting materials. The conducting (1) and insulating (0) states can be quickly modified as binary code is processed in a computer system.

How microchips are made

Our increasingly electronic world depends on tiny devices called microchips to function. It takes half a year to create one, which is approximately the size of a fingernail. Engineering them is a highly involved process that starts with silicon-rich sand and eventually turns into billions of transistors packed into one small area. Watch this video to understand the complex feat of creating microchips and how they’re relevant to our daily life.

See how computer memory really works—from binary bits to modern RAM

The video explains how computers store information as 1s and 0s, how RAM functions as fast working memory, and why systems utilize different types of storage. The video demonstrates how this process enables computers to operate.

Binary mathematics represented as switches allows silicon rocks to do math

Each switch is assigned a zero or a one based on whether it is open or closed, and logic gates are built from these switches that let the system perform mathematical operations. Modern software builds upon these operations to perform increasingly complex tasks.

All computers are defined by their ability to input, store, process, and output data

From wooden machines to wearable tech, computers have changed a lot in appearance, but they all still perform the same essential tasks. Early computers were made of wood and metal—some were so big that they filled entire rooms just to solve simple math problems.

An explanation of Turing machines—the foundations of digital algorithms and computers

The device reads data, overwrites or ignores it, and then moves on to the next piece of data based on a set of programmed rules. By imagining this data as zeros and ones—binary that makes up computer code—Turing machines became the theoretical models for how any algorithm could be run on a computer if the procedure could be coded into a set of digital rules.

An integrated circuit combines major circuit components onto a single device

Before 1958, these components were fabricated separately before manual assembly, introducing human error, delays, and higher costs. The invention of the IC laid the foundation for automated manufacturing, miniaturization, and improvements to speed and energy efficiency.

Taiwan's semiconductor dominance

Taiwan is a leader in the production of semiconductors. In the event of a Chinese invasion, what happens if China controls the supply chain for these indispensable materials? How would it affect the United States as well as other nations already dealing with disruptions due to Russia's invasion of Ukraine? This blog explores these questions and more.

Light energy can be transformed into electricity in solar cells via the photovoltaic effect

When light strikes semiconducting material, it can knock electrons out of atoms, creating a charge imbalance within the material. A wire connecting the oppositely charged regions can allow electrons to flow back, balancing the charges and producing an electric current that can be harnessed to power devices.

Coined in 1971, the man credited with naming Silicon Valley was originally writing about semiconductors

Silicon Valley gained its name from an article published in January 1971, in Electronic News. Author Don Hoefler used the term in his headline for an article he was writing about the semiconductor industry. Hoefler is credited with naming the multi-trillion dollar area that is still called Silicon Valley today.

Take a deep dive into the neuron

Neurons are the basic unit of the brain and nervous system—electrically excitable cells that sends signals throughout the body. They can communicate with each other, fire in sequence, and conspire to do everything from drive body movement to help form memories. Check out this intro-level overview to learn more about their structure and how they work.

A simple visual explanation of how blockchains work

Blockchains are decentralized, distributed, and digital methods to record transactions and prevent alterations and tampering of the record. That's a simplified definition. This easy-to-understand six-minute video further and better explains what blockchains are and how they work using colorful illustrations and clear, concise clarifications on their processes and what makes them so special.

The name 'Silicon Valley' arose from the founding of Shockley Semiconductor Laboratory in Fairchild Semiconductor in 1956-57, founded near Stanford University in Palo Alto

What are superconductors?

Superconductors are materials that carry electrical current with exactly zero electrical resistance (move electrons through it without losing energy to heat). Read more about how they work here.

How do touchscreens work?

Touchscreens have revolutionized digital interactions, but how they work widely varies depending on the device. Explore the history and workings of the most common types—capacitive and resistive—and new interaction methods incorporated into foldable screens and touchless interfaces.

Chip technology replaced magstripes to stop easy card cloning and fraud

The magstripe on bank cards always gives the same data, making it simple to copy using a device called a grabber. In contrast, embedded chips create a unique code with every transaction, making it much harder to clone or steal card information.

Explaining computer kernels and what makes monolithic kernels different from microkernels

A kernel is an intermediary piece of software on a device that manages the connection between software programs—the services and processes they perform to run correctly—and the available hardware resources, such as memory and computing bandwidth, including prioritizing resource allocation and managing access to specific hardware. A monolithic kernel manages all of an operating system's services, whereas a microkernel only handles essential services.

An explanation of TCP/IP, which helps transmit data across the internet like a club sandwich

The system consists of several layers—application, transport, internet, and network—each responsible for specific tasks. These include interacting with a web browser, checking for errors, sending packets of data across various networks to avoid congestion on their way to a destination address, and managing the transmission of information across hardware, such as an Ethernet cable.

How entanglement lies at the heart of quantum computing

Theoretical physicist and mathematician Frank Wilczek boils down the complex notion of quantum entanglement into this reasonably understandable summary. Wilczek discusses the concepts of quantum entanglement and how it relates to other ideas like the Many-Worlds Interpretation (MWI) of quantum mechanics. What sounds a bit "science-fictiony" can have actual real-world and concrete applications.

What is the immune system? A quick 101

Your body’s immune system is designed to protect you from infection. Find out more about how the immune system works with this quick overview and set of diagrams.

Learn why electrical substations are needed to provide safe electricity with minimal energy loss

These typically fenced-off facilities with steel boxes or cylinders topped with cone-like caps house circuit breakers, fuses, and switches that can isolate sections of the grid to prevent electrical failures from spreading. Substations use transformers to modify electrical voltage and are customized to the generation, transmission, and distribution networks they interconnect.

A smartphone contains over a dozen rare earth elements

One of the most important elements is indium, which makes up an electrically-conductive mesh beneath the display that provides touchscreen functionality. Alloys containing REEs are used in the magnets needed for the microphone and speaker.

Radioactive elements can introduce software errors because the ionizing radiation they produce can detach electrons from atoms, and computer code relies on the distribution of electrons.

A primer on 5G and how it works

You see it mentioned in countless commercials, and your phone might already use it, but do you know what it is? Watch this five-minute primer on the basics of 5G.

What is a smart city?

The internet of things and automation are two of the technologies used in smart cities. Learn about the technologies making cities more human-centric in this three-minute read.

Understanding how atomic structure contributes to each element's properties

The outermost layer of electrons in an atom dictates how it will bond to other atoms. These bonds determine whether elements exist as solids, liquids, or gases in the environment and other characteristics. For example, electrons are freely shared between atoms in metallic bonds, allowing them to immediately re-emit light that strikes them, thus making most metals shiny.

While atoms are normally made of protons, neutrons, and electrons, exotic ones have been built with antimatter—alternate versions of normal matter that live for fractions of a second and are about a billion times as rare.

As of 2025, the most cited papers in science include a review of graphene, methods to improve image recognition, streamlining electron density calculations, and optimizing protein studies.

Memecoins are a type of cryptocurrency—a form of digital currency with a wide variety of uses—created around popular 'memes,' or viral internet jokes.

Visualize how CRISPR-Cas9—a type of immune system used by single-celled organisms to attack invasive viruses—targets and makes precise changes to a gene's DNA.

Learn how to read a prospectus, the juicy document that any company must file with the SEC before going public.

See how fireworks are made and learn how metals like magnesium and copper are responsible for different colors.

Sony set the standard for cylinder-shaped batteries when it repurposed manufacturing equipment used to make rolls of magnetic recording tape.

English mathematician Ada Lovelace wrote the first computer algorithm a century before computers existed and hypothesized that computing devices would one day be able to compose music—foreseeing the generative AI systems of today.

The history of many kitchen appliances involves unexpected discoveries and applications, including wartime radar turned hamster defroster and replacing an 'ice king' with heat-stealing boxes.

Discover the catastrophic consequences of a failure of the US electrical grid—something that is more likely than many Americans think.

Pure water does not conduct electricity because this flow of energy requires the movement of charged particles, and water is a neutral molecule.

Browse a detailed visual analysis of over 200,000 similes—comparisons that often use 'like' or 'as'—from popular fiction to see how frequently writers the same idiomatic expressions.

The hormonal disorder PCOS was renamed PMOS in 2026, a move designed to improve care and research by shifting the focus to the hormonal causes of this condition that affects 1 in 8 women.

According to the physics of black holes, our 4D reality may be a hologram—a projection of information coded on a 2D surface on the edge of the universe.

In 2019, a laptop loaded with six of the worst malware in history and described as 'an exhibit of historical weaponry' sold for $1.3M.

Hear 50 years of iconic hip-hop samples, the genre's foundational looped tracks

The United States is one of only around two dozen countries with a fully federal system of government, in which power is divided between national and state governments.

When caught in the mouths of cardinal fish, seed shrimp release glowing, bioluminescent chemicals, which alert predators of the cardinal fish, prompting the shrimp's ejection.

The Ramones' 'Pet Sematary,' the theme song for the Stephen King novel of the same name, was written while the band was admiring the writer's collection of horror memorabilia.

How Amazon operates a 'flywheel' business model, a self-reinforcing cycle that drives continuous growth

Corals are themselves not coral reefs—the term refers to the tiny marine invertebrates that build the rigid reef.

The first steps to rebuilding your credit score include getting to know exactly what's on your credit report and figuring out how far you are from the '700 club,' or 'good score' range.

Explore what it's like inside a patient isolation unit, used in situations such as treating a patient or suspected patient with Ebola.