A near-death experience usually occurs in the wake of a traumatic physical event or a reversible clinical death, such as when someone is revived after a heart attack. While the experience varies, NDEs commonly feature a feeling of detachment from the body, visions of bright lights, a warped sense of time, or religious experiences.
Records of NDEs go back to the ancient Greeks and are found across cultures all over the world. The first known clinical observation was recorded in 18th-century France. In the 1970s, psychiatrist Raymond Moody pioneered the academic study of NDEs as medical events after an acquaintance relayed his own near-death experience.
Roughly 5% of the population is estimated to have a memory of an NDE, with common reports of a feeling of peacefulness (80%), followed by bright lights (69%) and encountering other people or spirits (64%).
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Near-death experiences are moments reported by people who’ve come close to death, often associated with bright lights, out-of-body sensations, or encounters with otherworldly beings. While scientific research offers theories ranging from brain chemistry to psychological coping mechanisms, no single explanation fully captures the mystery of these experiences.
Most people who report near‑death experiences experience events like out‑of‑body sensations, altered cognition, emotional and spiritual shifts, or even supernatural phenomena, particularly during cardiac arrest. Research suggests many such experiences may be linked to brain-generated sensory distortions that can be experimentally replicated, suggesting a physiological rather than mystical cause.
Researcher Bruce Greyson has been studying this phenomenon at the University of Virginia for decades, where he now directs the Division of Perceptual Studies. This piece from the university’s magazine explores the breadth and substance of the department, founded by pioneer researcher Ian Stevenson.
Near-death experiences are often associated with Christian concepts such as heaven or angels, but people of all faiths (or lack thereof) have reported these events. This in-depth piece by Professor Atif Khalil examines the intersections of religion and science and the common elements in Western, often Christian, experiences with those of Eastern religions such as Islam and Buddhism.
Considered one of the premier researchers on near-death studies, Dr. Bruce Greyson discusses what researchers know (and don't know) about what happens as we near death, and recounts his decades of observations on the phenomenon.
The Greyson Scale, developed in the early 1980s, provides a questionnaire for people reporting near-death experiences that allows researchers some ability to quantify and track the phenomenon. See the questions and how they're scored here.
Recent studies suggest increased electrical activity in the brain during and after clinical death could be responsible for near-death experiences. Both high-frequency gamma waves (linked to perception and attention) and low-frequency beta waves (related to focus and concentration) increased and became more synchronized across multiple brain regions, potentially resulting in a near-death state of heightened consciousness.
Documentarian Sebastian Junger, a veteran reporter and skeptic discusses his experiences—in particular, a frightening vision—after an aneurysm and internal hemorrhaging left him nearly dead. Junger talks about his NDE, the possible scientific explanations, and how that day changed his fundamental worldview.
Dutch cardiologist Dr. Pim van Lommel conducted one of the largest studies of near-death experiences following cardiac arrest, publishing the results in the prestigous journel The Lancet. He later went on to argue (to significant criticism from peers) that his findings suggest consciousness can exist outside the body.
A recent study found people revived by CPR after cardiac arrest reported they experienced some amount of consciousness during clinical death, suggesting our brains are capable of thought and memory for significantly longer after death than previously thought.
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