Goose bumps are small raised bumps that dot the skin in response to cold, fear, or sudden emotional triggers like music or art. They resemble poultry skin after the feathers have been plucked.
Formally referred to as piloerection—a nod to the muscles responsible for the hair-raising phenomenon—goose bumps occur when arrector pili muscles at the base of hair follicles contract and pull hairs erect, creating the characteristic bumps. This reflexive action in animals and birds causes their fur or feathers to stand on end. This makes them appear larger and scares off predators. It also traps a pocket of air close to the body, serving as insulation. Since humans no longer have thick hair and we wear clothes to stay warm, many scientists believe our goose bumps are an evolutionary remnant from our ancestors, like our tailbones.
In medicine, the Latin-derived term for goose bumps is cutis anserina—since "cutis" is skin and "anser" is goose. Worldwide, different cultures and languages have additional terms for these bumps, some of which reference chickens, ducks, and even snails.
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Watch an anatomical breakdown of how goose bumps work—featuring real skin from a human cadaver, a segmented brain, and a detailed anatomical model of the skin—to learn about all the jargon behind goose bump science. (Warning: Includes graphic footage of cadaver skin.)
Research in mice suggests that the same muscles that contract to create goose bumps act as the bridge for the sympathetic nervous system’s connection to hair follicle stem cells. This raises questions about how this knowledge could be used to reactivate the sympathetic nerves in hair follicles to boost hair growth in people.
A small 2018 study examined the rare ability to control goose bumps. Researchers found some intriguing associations between having a particularly open and curious personality type and the ability to trigger this sensation—a link that they hope will be explored further in the future.
Read the famous naturalist’s work from the late 1800s, detailing how he sought to draw comparisons between how animals and humans respond to fear. As part of that work, he exposed monkeys and a peccary to a stuffed snake and noted the animals’ hair-raising fear response.
If stressed, the animal appears to grow to about twice its normal size because it goes piloerect, which causes the quills to stand erect. If this intimidation tactic to avoid conflict doesn't work on the predator, the animal may get stabbed by the quills upon contact with the porcupine.
A physiologist and professor of zoology explains that the subconscious release of adrenaline, a stress hormone, causes a contraction of skin muscles. It’s released in several situations, including when humans are cold, afraid, or feel strong emotions. (Some readers may experience a paywall.)
Though people do experience goose bumps frequently, goose bump research suggests that humans think they’re experiencing goose bumps in response to emotional cues more often than they truly are.
Research in 2016 revealed that at least eight different types of neurons are associated with the sympathetic nervous system. One finding revealed that goose bumps and nipple erection are caused by neurons specialized to regulate these specific functions by controlling the erectile muscles in those tissues.
Although rarely a cause for concern, persistent goose bumps with no known cause could be a symptom of something to discuss with your doctor, including anxiety, a hair follicle blockage, or conditions that arise from an overreaction of the autonomic nervous system.
The science is still unsettled about why music can trigger a chill down your spine, formally known as frisson, but one theory is that anything surprising to the nervous system—including sudden beat drops or unexpected harmonies—stimulates a type of alarm response that gives rise to this feeling.
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