Professional Wrestling

At its core, pro wrestling offers viewers an entertaining spectacle that may be scripted but is far from being “fake.” The athletes who compete in the WWE and other organizations still complete impressive feats of strength and put their bodies on the line every time they step in the ring.

Listening to wrestling superfans talk can feel like eavesdropping in a foreign country. That’s because much of the industry’s terminology comes from the carnival world, which was responsible for the rise of American professional wrestling in the early 20th century.

Wrestling may be scripted, but it’s built on its own vocabulary. From "babyfaces" and "heels" to "kayfabe" and "finishers," this explainer breaks down the key terms that shape what fans see in the ring—and what’s really going on behind the scenes.

Outsiders are often confused by wrestling fans’ emotional investment in predetermined matches. After all, how can you be invested in a scripted sport? That question misses a key component of fans' love for pro wrestling. They suspend their disbelief in the same way that readers of novels do.

One convention of pro wrestling is the “promo”—a televised interview that allows wrestlers to develop their personas and articulate their characters’ motivations. The “Macho Man” Randy Savage is arguably the best to ever cut a promo, with his gravelly voice, memorable catchphrases and hilarious non-sequiturs making for great television.

Professional wrestling might be scripted, but its roots can be found in a competitive form that became popular in 19th-century England. Catch wrestling, or catch-as-catch-can, became popular among members of Lancashire’s working class. By the early 20th century, it was its own Olympic sport.

In 1982, Vince McMahon purchased the World Wrestling Federation, which would later be renamed World Wrestling Entertainment, and quickly wiped out the WWE’s smaller regional promotions. By the late 1990s, he minted superstars like Chyna, Dwayne “The Rock” Johnson, and “Stone Cold” Steve Austin.

In 1989, Vince and Linda McMahon testified under oath that professional wrestling was scripted, a move viewed as a cardinal sin. Had the heads of the organization just broken kayfabe? Maybe, but it was also a savvy political move to avoid the oversight of state athletic commissions.

Catch wrestling became a fixture of American carnivals, which rose in popularity in the early 20th century. Carnival workers began fixing matches to reduce injuries and earn money from ignorant fans, whom they called “marks.”

In the early 1900s, as wrestling gained in popularity on the carnival circuit, keeping the audience’s attention became an issue. The Gold Dust Trio—Billy Sandlow, Ed “The Strangler” Lewis, and Joseph “Toots” Mondt—revolutionized things by integrating boxing, theater, and Greco-Roman wrestling in a hybrid called “Slam Bang Western Style Wrestling.”