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Cosmogenic nuclide dating reveals how long a surface has been exposed to air by measuring the abundance of rare isotopes produced when cosmic rays interact with minerals.

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Additional insights we found via The Conversation
Some isotopes, called cosmogenic nuclides, are effectively only produced when particles that make up cosmic ray showers collide with atoms on Earth.
Because the decay rates of cosmogenic nuclides are well known, scientists can compare the abundances of these rare isotopes and their daughter isotopes in layers of rock and ice to determine when they were exposed to the atmosphere and to construct a timeline of successive geological layers.
Like radiometric dating, cosmogenic nuclide dating has been used to date geological events, such as volcanic eruptions, and surface processes, including glacial melting.
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