In the early 20th century, 'baby cages' were popular among parents who believed that putting their children in the cold would build their immunity to minor illnesses.

Improved 19th-century sanitation meant kids encountered polio later, with worse results

Almost all children likely used to contract poliovirus, but scientists suggest that when infants encountered it very early in life—due to poorer conditions and hygiene—they still had some maternal protection from pregnancy or through breastmilk, so the symptoms were more flu-like.

See photos of ultraviolet light therapy, widely administered in the early 1900s, particularly among children with skin diseases, tuberculosis, rickets, and more.

What are baby bonds?

In 2008, Hillary Clinton proposed giving every US newborn a $5,000 government-funded trust, often called a “baby bond,” to help low-income families build long-term wealth. Supporters said it could reduce wealth inequality, while critics argued existing programs like the Child Tax Credit offered similar benefits.

The board game Candy Land was invented for children quarantined in polio wards.

A 1974 Science News article proclaimed that within a decade, light therapy would be on par with traditional drugs.

In the 19th century, ice-cream-related illnesses were somewhat regular in America thanks to vendors' poor hygienic practices.

Diphtheria was once a leading childhood killer before antibiotics and vaccines

In 18th- and 19th-century outbreaks, some New England families lost as many as eight children to diphtheria, and fatality rates in hospitals often topped 60%. The invention of antitoxins, penicillin, and vaccines dramatically reduced deaths.

The spooky images of Victorian mothers hiding as their babies posed

Taking pictures of your kids is a huge headache now, but it was even harder for mothers in the Victorian era, when camera technology made posing for photographs difficult. These weird photos will show you how these mothers got their kids to sit...

The iron lung—a simple mechanical ventilator—was first used to treat polio

These breathing devices, developed in the late 1920s at Harvard, were used to treat polio patients with breathing difficulties. Watch this video describing how these negative pressure devices work.

Embracing poor hygiene in early life won't stave off allergies

The hygiene hypothesis, first proposed in 1989 by British immunologist David Strachan, suggests that early life exposure to microbes—like those from farm dust or pets—properly trains our immune systems to respond to threats. But sometimes the idea is misinterpreted: It doesn’t mean that poor hygiene—like failing to wash hands–will help ward off allergies; that type of behavior leads to infections and won’t help with allergy prevention.

Baby monkeys chose a soft, warm doll over a wire one with food

Harry Harlow performed controversial experiments with newborn monkeys, separating them from their mothers and letting them bond with stand-in mother figures made from either wire or figures covered in cloth—both with monkey-like faces. The work investigated touch, bonding, and attachment, and found that monkeys overwhelmingly preferred the cloth dolls over the wire ones in various stressful situations.

The history of many kitchen appliances involves unexpected discoveries and applications, including wartime radar turned hamster defroster and replacing an 'ice king' with heat-stealing boxes.

Faraday cages protect enclosed objects by redirecting electrical currents

Constructed from conductive materials, the cage allows electrons to distribute themselves evenly throughout its surface and travel to ground, keeping the interior neutrally charged and preventing any internal electricity. The same principle blocks electromagnetic waves by redirecting the electric field component, preventing telecommunication signals from entering the apparatus.

Beanie Babies used to be viewed by some as alternative investments

Beanie Baby stuffed animals were once a hot collector item with skyrocketing prices as people believed that the toys would significantly grow in value over time.

Sleep training: risks and benefits

Sleep training, which can range from implementing a nighttime routine to letting your baby cry it out, is controversial, but does it work? While dozens of studies have found sleep interventions to be effective, it appears that many of these studies...

Connecticut recently became the first state to create and launch a baby bond program, a government-funded savings or investment account that is seeded when a child is born.

Jonathan Swift's 'A Modest Proposal' was a satirical call for the poor to eat babies

Written in 1729, the critique shed light on the land policies implemented by the British and supported by the Irish elite that were aggravating Irish poverty. Specifically, public lands used for grazing were being made private via "enclosure." Swift's famous proposal for the poor to eat their own young is one of the most famous examples of satire.

The history of germ theory, which explains that illnesses are caused by microorganisms

For centuries, the miasma theory, which held that illnesses were caused by clouds of "bad air" produced by decaying organic matter, was the accepted explanation for the spread of disease. The development of microscopes and the subsequent technology to isolate bacteria and test disease spread in mice greatly contributed to contagionists overturning miasmatists.

Medieval European winters were colder than ours, but peasants stayed warm

Medieval winters were colder than ours today while the continent was mired in the so-called Little Ice Age. Without modern technologies, peasants survived with simple, sometimes genius, solutions, including central, chimney-less fireplaces (vented by small, draftless vents) and decorative handwarmers.

Western babies often lack a gut microbe common elsewhere.

Penicillin ended scarlet fever’s deadly threat to children

Between 1840 and 1883, scarlet fever was among the leading causes of childhood death in the United States, with case fatality rates ranging from 15% to 30%. Today, thanks to antibiotics like penicillin, the mortality rate is below 1%.

The history of ectogenesis and artificial wombs

While the science of artificial wombs is new, the idea goes back to a 1923 Heretics Society of the University of Cambridge lecture where an English biologist was one of the first people to propose an egg could be fertilized outside the womb. This...

Before launching his cereal company, John Harvey Kellogg promoted a eugenics-inspired natural food regimen.

Using artificial wombs to improve preterm infant health outcomes

Researchers at a hospital in the US have successfully used artificial wombs to care for preterm lambs and are now looking at the possibility of human trials. This nine-minute video includes interviews with the researchers and explains the reasoning...

In 1933, the influenza virus was first identified through 'ferret flu' experiments, which proved that the disease was viral—not bacterial.

Why we don't have an answer for the common cold

Since a landmark study of the common cold in 1925, researchers have learned much more about the seasonal ailment. Despite continuous study, people still contract colds for similar periods of time at the same rate with the same symptoms, and there's no vaccine. This article explains how the many viral strains make it hard to control.

Edward Jenner, the father of vaccinations

The British physician was the first to attempt to inoculate someone from smallpox using its milder cousin, cowpox. His innovations and documentations would prove crucial to the deployment of widespread vaccinations.

Before vaccines, there was 'variolation': what was it?

Before the technology behind vaccinations was discovered, some keen observers of medicine around the globe noticed how previous infections could impact future ones. Learn about the techniques early physicians used before they had vaccines.

The concept of 'screen time' was invented in 1991

Mother Jones magazine coined the term in an essay called "Primal Screen" about children's television habits. Writer David Engelhardt wrote that they were watching “screens within screens within screens,” and that even babies were averaging an “hour and a half of screen time a day...the typical older child, about four hours."

Bottled water started as a 19th-century wellness trend

Selling drinking water in America began at resorts in New York and West Virginia, where tourists were encouraged to take the regenerative mineral water back to their homes.

The first glasshouse was constructed in 1931

The Maison de Verre in Paris was built to house a doctor's office on the ground level and an apartment upstairs. Unlike the typical model that would follow, this glass house exposed very little of the home's interior.

Child labor was widespread until the formation of the National Child Labor Committee in 1904.

The first newborn screen for diseases was developed in 1961.

In 1925, the Isolator was a helmet designed to combat procrastination and improve concentration by narrowing a person's field of vision, blocking environmental sounds, and providing oxygen.

There have been at least 9 deaths and dozens of reported injuries between 2024 and 2026 from unsafe portable bed rails, products designed for both adults and children.

Touch helps newborns regulate stress, gain weight, and feel less pain

Conclusions from this 2024 analysis from a team of Danish researchers included that touch interventions were particularly useful for newborns in regulating cortisol levels, helping newborns gain weight, and reducing pain. (Some users may experience a paywall.)

Artificial wombs and preterm births: an overview

Scientists are working to create artificial wombs that would help preterm babies survive their early entry into the world. But how much help could this technology provide, and how much of a problem are preterm births? This article details some of...

Besides allowing patients to see how much medication they had left, transparent orange pill bottles were introduced in 1968 to protect medications from degradation caused by ultraviolet radiation.

The science and ethics of artificial wombs

Artificial wombs may be able to help preterm babies survive their early entry into the world and possibly curb the long-term adverse health effects associated with such premature birth. This article dives into the current ethics and science behind artificial wombs and ectogenesis, which is when a fetus develops in artificial conditions.

Mary Cassatt's 'The Child's Bath' was a rare sight for 19th-century art

Drs. Beth Harris and Steven Zucker note that this portrait of an intimate moment between mother and daughter might have been out of place in 1893, but that its subject matter alludes to spiritual images from the Renaissance or Baroque periods.

Study shows singing to babies improves their well-being

In a study of 110 parents and their babies across a span of four months, singing boosted infant mood and reduced fussiness. Follow-up studies are aimed at exploring whether singing can alleviate caregiver stress and postpartum depression.

Exposing fetuses to certain flavors in the womb could lead to children being less picky eaters

A new study found that 3-year-olds were less averse to the smell of vegetables they had been repeatedly exposed to in utero, suggesting that what mothers eat in late pregnancy can leave a lasting imprint on their children's tastes.

Modern conveniences may be contributing to allergy increases

A combination of genetics and how the environment changes our genes are likely contributing to the rise in allergies. But daily conveniences, such as dishwashers and packaged baby food, also change the level of bacterial exposures in early life, with potential implications for allergy development, experts from Mount Sinai Health System state in this video discussion.

Listen to how the 1902 'poison squad' experiments changed food safety in America

As part of government research, a group of young men were paid to eat standard American food—replete with food additives like borax and formaldehyde—which revealed the dangers of unregulated food. The work was led by the first FDA commissioner, Harvey Wiley, who helped end the "century of the great stomachache."

With the help of one photographer who took photos of children at work, child labor in the US was eventually restricted by law in the mid-1900s.

Infants are particularly at-risk for ear infections

The Eustachian tubes, which connect the middle ear to the upper throat and help to drain fluids and equalize pressure, are relatively flat at birth, making it hard for gravity to assist with drainage. The angle of these tubes changes and becomes steeper as we age, making fluid buildup in the ear canal less common.

A 1954 outbreak at a Boston boarding school allowed scientists to isolate the measles virus

While measles was described as early as the 9th century, humanity lacked the medical technology to fight the disease until the mid-20th century. Vaccine development from the Boston outbreak in the 1960s and 1970s led to one of the most effective inoculation campaigns in history.

The Ancient Chinese harnessed solar power for heating and cooling 6,000 years ago

Neolithic Chinese homes faced south for winter sun warmth, while overhangs shielded them from high summer sun. These efforts also influenced urban planning, with cities aligning streets east-west for optimal solar exposure.

Agnes Marshall invented 'ices,' the Victorian equivalent of ice cream, and improved the period's hygienic practices for consuming the dessert.

The first successful IVF pregnancy was in the United Kingdom in 1978

Gynecologist Patrick Steptoe and his collaborator Robert Edwards, a biologist, attempted to fertilize a human egg cell in a petri dish 101 times before finally succeeding. This resulted in the birth of Louise Brown—at the time referred to as a "test tube" baby—in 1978, who was born into the spotlight.