Explore an interactive map of the unified theories of everything

View an infographic of the Standard Model

Much like this visualization, the theory serves to catalog almost all phenomena involving visible matter comprehensively, including organizing observed elementary particles by shared characteristics and explaining most fundamental forces and quantum properties.

Quantum field theory, which has made predictions accurate to 12 decimal places, explained

Instead of being made of indivisible particles, all visible matter in the universe is built from underlying quantum fields—smooth, invisible entities that behave like waves and extend throughout space and time. The theory suggests these fields are fundamental, and particles are disturbances that move through them.

As of 2025, the Standard Model has at least five unresolved problems

Among the issues with the most successful theory of the universe at subatomic scales is its inability to explain the extreme imbalance observed between visible matter and antimatter, since both should be roughly equal. The Standard Model also omits gravity and cannot account for the observed rate of cosmic expansion.

Mapping the universe's 1.3 million quasars

Quasars form the core of active galaxies where supermassive black holes devour unimaginable amounts of matter. You can see a map of all 1.3 million of these objects with this 3D map. It was assembled with data from the Gaia spacecraft and shows how the spread of dark matter across space matches that described by the Cosmic Microwave Background.

Experimenting with space-time

Einstein's theory of general relativity—that mass literally bends space and time—can be difficult for the human brain to imagine. This interactive resource lets you create celestial objects, imagine their effect on space-time, and see how they interact with each other (best viewed on desktop).

Explore our favorite visualization of the immense scale of space, from an astronaut to the size of the observable universe

What is string theory?

One of the most well-popularized theories about the nature of our universe, string theory attempts to explain fundamental particles and forces by describing them as one-dimensional vibrating strings. The concept remains entirely theoretical, even...

Understanding how and when time began requires a theory of quantum gravity

Rewinding the universe to the big bang compresses all matter, energy, space, and time into a single point, necessitating a model that combines general relativity with quantum mechanics. Although physicists understand time to have begun when the universe did, a clear understanding of the mechanisms involved remains unclear.

Explore the metaverse with this mind map

The metaverse is a complex concept that involves interlocking and rapidly evolving parts, including Web3, augmented reality, and trademark law. It's easy to get overwhelmed when faced with the new legal, financial, ethical, and creative intersections of our reality and its virtual echo. This mind map details the metaverse and its implications for various fields that interact and overlap. Click through the map to read and listen to topic summaries or explore more in-depth resources.

Dark matter and dark energy, explained

What is dark energy? What is dark matter? Well, if we knew exactly, we would have a Nobel prize—we know that they exist, though. Scientists have theorized that the former may be a property of three-dimensional space itself, while the latter could be exotic particles that interact with almost nothing. This video from Kurzgesagt explains what we know and what we don't.

The mystery of the expanding universe

One of the most surprising discoveries about our universe over the past century is that it's expanding. Even more surprising is that it’s speeding up, and scientists aren’t entirely sure why. The rate should be roughly dependent on the total energy contained in the universe, but calculations keep coming up short. Explore the so-called “Hubble Tension,” along with potential candidates to solve the riddle.

Explaining the many-worlds interpretation

A mind-bending, jargon-free account of the popular interpretation of quantum mechanics, helping to explain how something can be in two states at once.

Learn why modern scientific patterns have been described as theories rather than laws

After confirming that the accuracy of some laws of physics is limited to certain domains, science became more hesitant to categorize identified mathematical relationships, such as quantum mechanics, as unchanging laws. Instead, these recent, complex frameworks are designated as theories to acknowledge that they are conditional and may be part of a larger, more complete future framework.

Modern physics suggests that many universes with different physical laws could exist

Physicists suggest that quantum fluctuations in the early universe could have given rise to these universes. Ancient Greek philosophers like Chrysippus proposed a version of the multiverse over 2,000 years ago—millennia before its adoption into various theoretical frameworks today.

Four video explainers on quantum fundamentals

Ready to level up your working knowledge of quantum mechanics? Check out these four TED-Ed Lessons written by Chad Orzel, associate professor in the Department of Physics and Astronomy at Union College

One model of the universe expresses all constants using only time

About seven base units, such as meters for length, have historically been used to describe everything in our physical reality. However, researchers have shown that, through relativistic space-time, clocks can serve as replacements for rulers, scales, and other instruments, allowing everything to be measured in terms of time.

The one-electron theory describes the universe as having only one electron

The thought experiment explains why every electron has the same charge and mass as every other electron, and describes every positron—the antimatter version of the electron—as that same electron traveling backwards in time. Among other foundational challenges, the model suggests that the universe contains equal numbers of electrons and positrons, yet normal matter is much more common than antimatter.

Browse and explore dozens of major psychology theories

There are a ton of different psych theories—so here's a breakdown of some of the major ones according to the general psychological focus.

Explore a simplified breakdown of the Einstein field equations

Often depicted as one formula, Einstein's equation represents a suite of 16 nonlinear partial differential equations, which can be simplified to six unique ones, that relate the geometry of spacetime to the presence of mass and energy.

Most of the observable universe's volume consists of voids and supervoids—enormous regions of space with little to no galaxies, stars, or light.

Explore a series of interdisciplinary explainers on climate science

From animations on the quantum mechanics of greenhouse gases to a photo essay on how scientists acquire climate data, this collection provides detailed explorations of how different branches of science have contributed to our understanding of climatology.

Wormholes, though unstable, would offer a theoretical shortcut through spacetime

These hypothetical distortions in the fabric of spacetime may connect vast distances across or even between universes. While science fiction often portrays them as traversable tunnels, the energy and matter required to keep a wormhole open defy current physical understanding.

According to the physics of black holes, our 4D reality may be a hologram—a projection of information coded on a 2D surface on the edge of the universe.

A scale of the universe, from atoms to cosmos

Can you really appreciate just how small protons are, or how massive the universe is? To attempt to grasp it, watch this short video which zooms out from a young woman in California to the very limits of the cosmos using established scales. Then, dive deep into the atoms of her white blood cells for a fully-rounded effect.

According to the physics of black holes, our 4D reality may be a hologram—a projection of information coded on a 2D surface on the edge of the universe.

The ultraviolet catastrophe is the infinite energy prediction of classical physics

When scientists first tried calculating the radiation emitted by a heated object, their assumption was that energy was equally distributed across wavelengths and produced infinite energy at low wavelengths. This contradicted observations, which showed near-zero energy intensity at those values.

An interactive timeline of history, from beginning to middle

The history of humanity is a long, winding road, and the history of everything else is even more complex and interwoven. This interactive timeline takes users through the history of the world and includes links to related videos, blurbs, and events. Each event in history is represented by a dot, providing users with a glittering horizon filled with moments of intrigue and impact.

Explore a simulation of ideal gas behavior, which can be explained by kinetic molecular theory

The theory describes particles as moving in random directions, with a distribution of velocities determined by the gas's temperature. The particles collide elastically like billiard balls, are negligibly small, and do not exert forces on one another. The gas laws can be derived from these principles using statistics or observed via this interactive.

Explore an interactive map built from more than 100,000 survey responses on where people find joy in their lives

See how each of the more than two million known species relates to each other—and to common ancestors—in this zoomable tree of life.

Chaos theory—informally known as the butterfly effect—is the reason why weather forecasts are presented with probabilities rather than certainties.

While atoms are normally made of protons, neutrons, and electrons, exotic ones have been built with antimatter—alternate versions of normal matter that live for fractions of a second and are about a billion times as rare.

Visualize the path of every solar eclipse from 1900 to 2099 and see what each looks like when observed from different locations on Earth.

Explore an interactive map of battles from the American Revolution, along with detailed summaries of each engagement

While the sun's gravity keeps the planets in orbit, their gravity also pulls on the sun, causing it and everything else in the solar system to orbit around a mutual balance point called the barycenter—the true center of the solar system.

As of 2025, the most cited papers in science include a review of graphene, methods to improve image recognition, streamlining electron density calculations, and optimizing protein studies.

See the 25 of the best photos of auroras from around the world.

Learn how your body is, scientifically, like a firework with its own slow, controlled burn.

The United States is one of only around two dozen countries with a fully federal system of government, in which power is divided between national and state governments.

Explore a list of the 100 best novels of all time, compiled by some of the world's best living writers, including Salman Rushdie, Stephen King, and Jennifer Egan.

Researchers believe the brain consolidates memories, processes emotions, and plans for the future during dream states

Discover the catastrophic consequences of a failure of the US electrical grid—something that is more likely than many Americans think.

Search a massive database of over 4 decades of clues from the TV quiz show 'Jeopardy!'

In 1963, a basement renovation in Turkey revealed a passageway to a hidden, multilevel underground city that once housed as many as 20,000 people

Clever Hans was a 1900s horse that was believed to be able to solve math equations, tell time, and read and comprehend German, until a psychology student discovered how he got his answers.

While the first exchange-traded fund (a 'basket' of different assets that can be bought and sold on a stock exchange) in the US only launched in 1993, the global ETF market has grown to more than $10T in the short time since.

In recent years a child anxiety expert has created and tested a novel phobia and anxiety treatment approach for children, focused on changing how parents respond to the fears.

A 2019 Facebook event called on attendees to "Storm Area 51, They Can't Stop All of Us," resulting in countless memes, the creation of a music festival, and eventually the arrests of those who did try to approach the area.

Georgia O'Keeffe's flower paintings are often assumed to be sexual, though the artist claimed she was simply interested in highlighting the beauty of flowers that most people neglect

The word 'jazz' evolved from 'jasm,' 19th-century American slang for 'energy'