If surgeons removed organs, including one of your lungs, a kidney, your spleen, appendix, tonsils, part of your liver, and even some of your reproductive organs, you could still survive.

Which organs can you live without?

While there are some organs (such as the heart) that people simply can’t live without, there are other organs that can be removed without a huge impact. Patients who have their appendix removed, for example, experience no changes to their daily...

Living donations most commonly involve a kidney or part of a liver

In 2023, more than 6,900 transplants were made possible thanks to living donors. Living donation is when a living person donates an organ or part of an organ—usually one of their two kidneys or part of the liver, since that organ can regenerate in a healthy person. Much more rarely, living donors donate other organs. Living donations often occur when someone wants to ensure a loved one has certainty that they will quickly receive a needed organ.

Transplant organs don't always last a lifetime—that's where retransplants come in

How long a transplanted organ lasts depends on a variety of factors including the type of organ and the health of the recipient. Sometimes organs can last many decades, but other times people may need retransplants, which means another transplant following a previous one. Retransplants are most common with kidneys.

Organ donation isn't usually logistically possible if you die at home

Since organs need to be well-preserved for organ donation, with oxygen flowing through the body, internal organs often aren't viable for organ donation if someone dies at home. But some tissues—like eye corneas and skin tissue—may still be donated since they remain usable for a longer period without oxygen flow.

Transplanted organs can be rejected by the body immediately, months after transplant, or slowly over years

Organ rejection remains a huge challenge for organ transplant recipients. Rejection occurs when a recipient's immune system identifies a transplanted organ as foreign and attacks it. Recipient-donor screening processes try to match antigens to help reduce this risk.

Immunosuppressants enable organ transplants, but come with severe side effects

This drug cocktail helps to lower your body's natural response to attack a transplanted organ. Such medications usually need to be taken for a lifetime after receiving an organ and can come with serious side effects including high blood pressure, diabetes, increased risk of some cancers, and high cholesterol, among others.

The first successful organ transplant was performed in 1954

The successful kidney transplant procedure, at what's now-called Brigham and and Women's Hospital, ushered in a new medical era and gave hope to patients with organ failure. The recipient, 23-year-old Richard Herrick, lived eight more years after receiving the donated organ from his living twin brother, Ronald.

Thousands of donated human kidneys are thrown away annually

Ten donated kidneys are thrown away daily even though thousands of people are awaiting a kidney transplant. Listen to a kidney doctor and a 2012 economics Nobel laureate discuss why this happens and how the organ transplantation system may be improved. Transplant centers are penalized for low transplant survival rates, they note, and that contributes to why hospitals may decide certain organs are just too risky to use.

Read why one man agreed to get a pig kidney in 2025 to replace his own failing organ

The 68-year-old New Hampshire man told USA Today that a motivator for the experimental surgery was his belief that he was going to die anyway, and other people suffering from kidney disease could gain valuable insights. Yet the surgery bought him time—he lived 271 days with a pig organ and later received a human kidney transplant. Clinical trials began in 2026 to test the pig xenotransplants in more people.

Organ transplants can come with a price tag of more than $2M without insurance

According to 2025 report data that was graphically represented by Statista, average costs for organ transplants can be as steep as $2.3M for a double lung transplant and $1.9M for a heart. These figures are based on what was actually charged to insurance companies—not what individual patients paid. Following the actual transplant there are also additional costs associated with the procedure, including lifelong immunosuppressant drugs.

As of 2025, perfect synthetic replication of natural organs remains elusive

Advancements such as 3D printing muscles, performing vaginal reconstruction with colon tissue, and growing organs in a lab have shown promise, but artificial options and transplanting substitutions continue to exhibit functional and performance limitations compared to their natural equivalents.

Brain death is a top source of organ donation

Brain death is a significant source of organ donations—approximately 40% of organs in the US and the UK are recovered from people who experience brain death. Patients declared brain dead and hooked up to intensive care unit machines will still have oxygen flowing to organs like the heart, lungs, and kidneys—preserving those organs.

Chinese scientists transplanted a pig lung into a human being—but it had to be removed

In August 2025, Chinese scientists transplanted a pig lung into a brain-dead person, a common research step for this type of experimental work. Researchers used CRISPR technology to alter six proteins in the pig genes to make the organ seem less foreign to the human immune system. Within a day there were indications the organ wasn’t functioning well and that the person’s body was rejecting it. Scientists ended the experiment after nine days.

In 2024, the US had more organ transplants than ever before—besting the 2023 record

More than 48,000 organ transplants were performed in 2024, and about 46,630 were performed in 2023. These record highs are illustrated here as part of data from 1988 to partway through 2025. Kidneys, livers, and the heart remain the most common transplanted organs. (Some users may encounter a paywall.)

Brain death is a top source of organ donation

Brain death is a significant source of organ donations because patients declared brain dead and hooked up to intensive care unit machines will still have oxygen flowing to organs like the heart, lungs, and kidneys—preserving those organs.

Research advances suggest death takes much longer than we realized

Recent research indicates that organs, including the brain, are better at handling a lack of oxygen after the heart stops beating than previously known. Such findings may open up possibilities that include someday reversing certain death processes and expanding the availability of organs available for organ donations. (Some users may experience a paywall.)

You can sign up to donate your organs at this website

A single person who chooses to donate their organs upon death can provide organs for as many as eight people. You can sign up to become an organ donor or update your donation status information at this website, or you can typically sign up at your state's Department of Motor Vehicles. Many states allow individuals to declare which tissues and organs you consent to donate (i.e. organs, eyes, and skin tissue). It's recommended to discuss your decision with your family so they are aware of your wishes.

Donated hearts remain viable three times longer now with new tech

Advances in organ perfusion systems have significantly lengthened the amount of time donated hearts can remain viable for transplant, expanding the possibilities for donor organs to wider geographic areas. "Heart in a box" devices, developed in recent years, enable effective oxygen flow in the donor heart during transport, which means that hearts can now travel farther to potential recipients and still be in good condition.

Artificial intelligence may improve organ donation systems—and even organ health

Mayo Clinic transplant experts suggest that artificial intelligence could potentially improve organ donation systems in several ways, including better identifying patients most at risk for organ rejection, enhancing donor-recipient matching, and helping to avoid organ transplant needs by identifying health issues earlier.

Explore how the placenta acts as lungs, kidneys, and more in the womb.

One man lived with a gene-edited pig kidney for 271 days, a record

In October 2025, Tim Andrews had his gene-edited pig kidney removed because it was no longer working well. He had the transplanted organ for 271 days—surpassing the prior record of a patient who functioned with one for 130 days. Andrews remains on the kidney transplant wait list to receive a donated kidney from a human, but he has a particularly hard-to-match blood type, making it challenging to get the organ.

A first-of-its-kind clinical trial taps livers from gene-edited pigs to clean blood

The experimental dialysis-like treatment from United Therapeutics, eGenesis, and OrganOx, is designed to help people with liver failure. The therapy, which involves attaching the modified pig liver externally, filters a patient’s blood so their own livers can temporarily rest and perhaps heal.

Pig organ transplants are apparently kosher—you just can’t eat them

Science writer Mary Roach speaks with journalist Terry Gross about her latest book, “Replaceable You: Adventures in Human Anatomy” and discusses topics including why pig organs have become of such interest and what religious leaders have told her about pig organs and compliance with Jewish dietary law.

Cells can last in the human body from days to a person's entire life

Despite claims that a person's body replaces itself every seven to 10 years, the rate at which cells die and are replaced varies by cell type. Gastrointestinal cells that line the digestive tract and stomach last only a few days, while some heart muscle cells and most neurons are around from birth until death.

Scientists may have discovered why gene-edited pig kidneys are rejected in humans

In November 2025, researchers studying how a brain-dead donor’s body responded to the transplantation of a genetically engineered pig kidney, published that they’ve identified immune system reactions that may explain why these pig organs get rejected. What’s more, they were able to reverse the rejections with an already available drug combination and the kidney functioned well. They also pinpointed a way to detect a potential rejection up to five days sooner.

You can sign up to donate your body to science

It's a separate process to donate your body for medical research; you usually must contact a whole-body donation program directly. Bodies can be donated for medical research, for forensic analysis research, or for medical students to work with as they learn anatomy and surgery, among other purposes. Learn more about numerous accredited organizations that provide human bodies, organs, and tissues to medical researchers and students.

How humans digest food

Every day, the average human eats close to six pounds of food—all of which must be processed by the digestive system. Ten organs collaborate to transform food that the mouth chews into the energy needed to stay alive. (Stretched out, these organs...

A clinical trial is underway in 2026 to help kidney transplant recipients avoid a lifetime of immunosuppressing drugs

This later-stage clinical trial, in Chicago and Taiwan, evaluates the efficacy and safety of a new cellular therapy that may be swapped in for immunosuppressing drugs among kidney transplant recipients. The study randomizes people to either receive standard immunosuppressants or this cellular therapy and fewer immunosuppressants. It only includes kidney transplant recipients receiving organs from live donors so transplant surgery timing won't hinge on the unpredictable schedule of performing surgery and follow-up care when a donor dies.

Xenotransplants are an experimental last resort for the terminally ill

David Bennett Sr., the world’s first genetically modified pig heart transplant recipient, explained his reasoning to his University of Maryland Medical Center care team in 2022 regarding why he accepted a pig organ: He was dying and ineligible for a human heart transplant so this was a last-ditch effort, he said. He died two months after receiving the heart.

Prehistoric hunter-gatherers performed amputations and appear to have provided post-op care, according to analysis of a recent fossil discovery from almost 31,000 years ago.

See different pig-to-human xenotransplantation possibilities

Xenotransplantation can include the insertion of any organ, tissue, cells or fluids from any nonhuman animal into a human. This US Food and Drug Administration graphic about pig-to-human applications shows different possibilities, including the exploration of using pig pancreatic cells for treating diabetes.

'Donation after circulatory death' is on the rise

This occurs when a patient in a coma is on life support and family members agree to donate the organs. Watch this video about a 2025 New York Times investigation that identified 12 instances across nine states of bungled or premature attempts to retrieve organs from people whose families had authorized withdrawal of life support.

Human anatomy 101: the body's systems

Human life is made possible by the body's ten major systems, which maintain homeostasis by responding to incoming sensory and biochemical input. Each system must work independently and collaboratively for the body to maintain health and respond appropriately to its internal and external environments. The bones of the skeletal system, for example, give the body its shape and protect organs while also facilitating movement with the muscular system.

Organoids: 3D organs grown from stem cells in the lab

An organoid is a three-dimensional construct composed of multiple cell types that originate from stem cells that can simulate the architecture and functionality of native organs. One big benefit of these lab-grown organs is that drug candidates can be tested in model systems without needing live patients.

How does cancer spread through the body?

Cancer usually begins with one tumor, but it can spread to other organs if not removed. This video breaks down how cancer moves to these new areas and why some organs are more likely to get infected than others.

In 1984, a dying infant lived for three weeks with a baboon heart

Pediatric-sized hearts are very hard to find. They're about the size of a walnut. When a premature baby girl was born with a fatal heart defect in 1984 her care team transplanted a 7-month-old baboon's heart into the patient. The organ was not genetically modified but still the infant lived for several weeks. This roughly hour-long documentary from the medical institution, features the patient's mother, clinician, and more discussing the controversial procedure and aftermath.