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MarsMars is the fourth terrestrial (or rocky) planet from the sun and Earth's closest planetary neighbor, at an average distance of 225 million kilometers. It is about half the size of Earth, contains a fraction of its atmosphere, and has two irregularly shaped moons: Phobos and Deimos. Mars’ most salient feature, its red color, is the result of a rusted, iron-rich surface. The planet’s northern regions are significantly lower in elevation and feature fewer craters, while the south is higher and more rugged, suggesting that the north's surface formed more recently. Mars’ thin atmosphere, which consists almost entirely of carbon dioxide, allows the sun’s intense ultraviolet rays to hit the surface unimpeded. However, the planet's average surface temperature is about -62 degrees Celsius (or -80 degrees Fahrenheit). NASA aims to land humans on Mars in the 2030s, which would require astronauts to harvest subterranean ice deposits for water, compress the atmosphere to grow plants, and deploy weather-independent power systems.Explore Mars

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A 6-year-old Bruno Mars appeared on 'The Arsenio Hall Show'Hall began performing magic as a child and at 15 appeared on "Soul!," the first American late-night show hosted by a Black man (Ellis Haizlip). When Hall got his own show in 1989, he was always on the lookout for young talent. That eventually led him to a young Elvis impersonator from Hawaii who'd later go by Bruno Mars. Always Elvis Two marsupials thought to be extinct discovered in New GuineaThe pygmy long-fingered possum and the newly described ring-tailed glider were discovered in 2026 after scientists believed the species had been extinct for 6,000 years. The pygmy long-fingered possum is partially defined by its unusual trait of one finger on each hand that is twice as long as the others. People.com Can you really survive on Mars? What science fiction gets wrong about off-world living Space Mars' orbit may provide evidence that dark matter is made of primordial black holesPhysicists at MIT have found that, statistically, one such microscopic black hole should pass through the solar system every decade, which they predict would introduce a detectable wobble in Mars' orbit. Such black holes would have formed in the early universe from collapsing gas clouds and scattered as the universe expanded. Massachusetts Institute of Technology John Marshall presided over Aaron Burr's 1807 treason trialDuring the 1807 trial of former Vice President Aaron Burr, Marshall required proof of an overt act witnessed by two people to sustain a treason charge. His rulings limited executive influence and reinforced constitutional standards for conviction under Article III. Humanities Wine was often served at the Marshall courtMarshall was known for his love of alcohol. In the early 1800s, justices (loosely) maintained a rule that they could drink only when it was raining. On a sunny day, Marshall is said to have declared, "Somewhere in our broad jurisdiction it must surely be raining." BBC John Marshall maintained a lifelong connection to George WashingtonMarshall served under Washington in the Continental army, later delivered a memorial address following his death, and chaired the funeral arrangements. He also authored a five-volume, 3,200-page biography, "The Life of George Washington." Virginia Museum of History & Culture John Marshall gained national prominence during the XYZ AffairIn 1797, President John Adams sent Marshall to France amid seizures of American ships. French intermediaries demanded loans and bribes before talks, and Marshall refused. Publication of the dispatches fueled the Quasi-War and elevated his reputation in the United States. US State Department John Marshall invested in western land speculationLike many Virginia elites of his era, Marshall invested in large tracts of western land, including holdings in Kentucky and the Ohio valley. His financial interests mirrored the broader post-Revolutionary pattern of land speculation among political leaders. Wonderful West Virginia John Marshall had roughly 1 year of formal schoolingBorn in a log cabin, along with many of his siblings, Marshall received only about a year of formal education. He briefly attended lectures at the College of William & Mary before beginning a legal career that ultimately led to the nation's highest court. Americana Corner John Marshall owned enslaved people and ruled against them in slavery casesThough Marshall wrote that slavery was "contrary to the law of nature," he enslaved nearly 200 people at his death in 1835 and ruled against enslaved claimants in several cases. His will offered conditional emancipation to Robin Spurlock, his first slave. Virginia Museum of History & Culture Marshall was briefly secretary of state and chief justice at the same timeAppointed secretary of state by John Adams in 1800, Marshall oversaw foreign policy during disputes with France, Britain, and Spain, including support for the Convention of 1800. For about a month in early 1801, he served as both secretary of state and chief justice. US State Department Marshall served in the Continental army under WashingtonBefore his judicial career, Marshall served in a Virginia regiment during the American Revolution, rising to the rank of captain. He fought at Brandywine and Monmouth, endured the winter at Valley Forge, and developed a personal connection with Gen. George Washington. George Washington's Mount Vernon Cases during Marshall's tenure defined the principles of federal Indian lawDuring John Marshall's tenure, three landmark rulings—Johnson v. M'Intosh, Cherokee Nation v. Georgia, and Worcester v. Georgia—established foundational doctrines of federal Indian law, defining tribal sovereignty, limiting state authority, and placing primary responsibility for Native affairs in the federal government. University of Alaska Fairbanks Thomas Jefferson and John Marshall clashed over national power and states' rightsDistant cousins Jefferson and Marshall advanced opposing constitutional visions—Jefferson favoring states' rights and local majorities, while Marshall defended broad federal authority and judicial review. Through decisions such as McCulloch v. Maryland, Marshall advanced national supremacy over state resistance. PBS Hear a narrative account of Marshall's 'simple' life and great impactThis podcast traces Marshall's rise from a frontier upbringing to chief justice, examining how a "country boy" born in a log cabin became the most important figure in the early Supreme Court. Our American Stories John Marshall presided over more than 1,100 Supreme Court decisionsDuring his 34-year tenure, the Marshall court issued 1,129 decisions, including 1,042 unanimous rulings. Marshall authored more than 500 majority opinions—over half of the court's total output during his tenure as chief justice. Justia John Marshall advanced federal supremacy and judicial reviewMarshall's jurisprudence emphasized that the Constitution is the supreme law of the land, enforceable by an independent judiciary. Through his court's decisions, he affirmed judicial review, broad implied powers for Congress, and federal authority to override conflicting state laws. Americana Corner Marshall used deft political maneuvering to increase the court's power in Marbury v. MadisonThis podcast explores how Chief Justice John Marshall avoided a direct clash with President Jefferson by denying William Marbury his commission—while simultaneously declaring that courts can strike down unconstitutional laws—cementing judicial review, and expanding the Supreme Court's authority. WNYC Wynton Marsalis believes syncopation is part of jazz's American characterThe trumpeter argues that jazz's approach to syncopation is part of an American tradition that offers the unexpected, citing Jonas Salk, Mark Twain, and fusion cuisine as parallels. Harvard University John Marshall strengthened the Supreme Court and national authorityAs chief justice, John Marshall established the principle of judicial review. He reinforced federal supremacy in key cases, defining the Supreme Court as a powerful arbiter between states and the national government under the US federal system. The Federalist Society Explore a timeline of every mission to Mars through 2020The US has conducted the most missions (23) and has the highest success rate (74%), followed by Russia (18 missions at 5%). The first successful orbiter was Mariner 4, while Viking 1 was the first successful lander. Visual Capitalist Explore a world map of MarsThe yellows spots scattered across the map indicate meteor impacts while the red regions represent volcanoes and their associated lava flows. The varying shades of brown indicate cratered highlands and midlands, which make up most of the southern hemisphere. Visual Capitalist Viking mission planning director Gentry Lee (1942–) on getting to Mars"We didn't know then what we know now, which is how tough it really is to land on Mars." NASA Science The Marshall Plan aimed to rebuild Europe and limit Soviet influenceLaunched in 1948, the Marshall Plan provided over $12B (roughly $150B today) in US aid to help rebuild Western Europe. While framed as economic recovery, it also served as a Cold War tool—tying countries to the US and excluding the Soviet bloc. HISTORY Geological features on Mars' surface provide evidence of massive past floodingThe presence of river valleys, enormous canyons, and other structures carved by water on Earth suggests that water flowed abundantly across Mars' surface. The layering of rocks in the walls of these structures indicates the intensity and volume of these flows. Harvard University Mars features distinct geographic contrasts between its northern and southern regionsUnlike the uniform terrains found in most rocky planets, Mars has a smooth, low northern hemisphere and a rough, high southern hemisphere with much thicker crust. This dichotomy may originate from a massive collision early in the planet’s history. SciShow Space 1978: Thurgood Marshall, commencement address at the University of Virginia"Where you see wrong or inequality or injustice, speak out, because this is your country. This is your democracy. Make it. Protect it. Pass it on." NBC News Perseverance captures an aurora on MarsThe Perseverance rover captured the first visible Martian aurora, offering insights into Mars's atmospheric interactions. A coronal mass ejection likely triggered the aurora since the planet lacks a global magnetic field. ScienceNews Mars once had oceans and a thick atmosphereIt formed over millions of years as small clumps of matter orbiting the sun smashed together, solidified, and cooled. Geological features indicate the presence of past surface water, which evaporated away due to the planet's weak gravitational field. 1440 Some 19th century astronomers thought Mars was inhabitedAs telescope technology advanced, astronomers became able to observe the surfaces of objects in our solar system with greater detail. The dips, valleys, and lines crisscrossing Mars, particularly, captured onlookers' imagination, leading some to speculate that the seemingly organized features could only have been created by an intelligent civilization. Library of Congress Explore a gallery of photographs of Mars taken from spaceSpacecraft have been taking pictures of Mars from space since 1965, when the Mariner 4 probe became the first to beam back an image of a planet other than our own. The technology has significantly evolved since then, with ultra-high definition resolutions revealing previously unseen surface features. The Planetary Society Besides Earth, Mars is the only possibly habitable planet in our solar systemSending humans to Mars in the following decades poses significant challenges, from the vast distance covered to get materials there to powering technology during weekslong dust storms. Research is ongoing to develop life support systems that can regenerate or recycle consumables. NASA While geography pertains to Earth's surface features, areography pertains to MarsUnlike Earth, Mars lacks geological activity and oceans, though geological evidence suggests they both existed in the past. Its northern regions have far fewer craters than the southern ones, indicating that the rock in the north formed more recently. Atlas Pro From the surface, Mars can appear butterscotch, golden brown, and even greenImages from orbiters, landers, and rovers show that Mars has a mix of surface colors resulting from variations in the mineral compositions of different regions. The reddish tint when viewed from Earth comes from kicked up particles of rusted iron. NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory Inhabiting Mars without terraforming might be accomplished with 'worldhouses'A network of interconnected, airtight bubbles would require several orders of magnitude fewer materials than those required to re-establish the entire planet's atmosphere to resemble Earth. However, the whole network would be compromised by a single micrometeor impact that destroys the air seal. PBS Space Time Solar wind may have contributed to Mars losing its atmosphereScientists believe that over hundreds of millions of years, energetic particles from the sun colliding with atmospheric particles, flinging them away from Mars' weak gravitational field like colliding billiard balls. As atmospheric pressure decline, water also evaporated away from the surface. NASA MAVEN Mission to Mars Did Mars ever look like Earth?Mars formed at the same time as the rest of the solar system, about 4.6 billion years ago. Today, Mars is a cold, dry world with a thin atmosphere. However, there is evidence that Mars was once much more habitable, covered in flowing rivers a large bodies of water. Scientists believe over time the planet lost its magnetic field, leading to the loss of atmosphere and ultimately the evaporation of water. NASA How NASA measures marsquakesMost probes sent to other planets and asteroids focus on surface phenomena, but NASA's InSight Lander is interested in looking deeper. Studying marsquakes as well as the red planet's crust and core, InSight provided four years of insight into how the rocky planets of the inner solar system formed. NASA What is Mars Curiosity rover up to?Mars continues to reveal itself through the Mars Curiosity Rover, which continues to ramble and roll across the red planet's surface. Here is NASA’s real-time portal for Mars exploration, featuring the latest news, images, and discoveries from the Red Planet. See evidence of the ancient rivers that once ran through the martian landscape, and see how Curiosity is setting the scene for possible future exploration by humans. NASA Ambient sounds on Mars are lower-pitched and more muted than those on EarthThe planet's thin atmosphere absorbs higher frequencies, and audio captured by the Perseverance rover from the Ingenuity Mars helicopter revealed that sound waves travel farther than previous atmospheric models suggested. Jet Propulsion Laboratory Mars was named after the Roman god of war for its reddish hue, resembling bloodA single day on Mars lasts 24.6 hours, while a year lasts 687 Earth days. The rusting of iron in rocks on the Martian surface contributes to brown, gold, and tan colorations. NASA Why haven’t humans reached Mars?Mars remains the most viable interplanetary destination due to its relatively habitable orbit. There are many challenges, however, including the huge distance to Mars, the need for advanced propulsion systems, uncertainty over the impacts of long-duration space travel on astronauts, and the need for safe landing techniques and equipment to handle Martian conditions. Human-manned missions to Mars are not likely to occur until the 2030s at the earliest. Astronomy Magazine View the surface of Mars from NASA's PerseveranceSimulate a visit to the red planet with the Mars 2020 Perseverance Rover. This 3D interactive experience lets you explore various locations on the martian surface. See closeup images the rover has taken and view key points of interest. It's the next best thing to being there and certainly far safer! NASA Explore a timeline of NASA's exploration of MarsNASA has studied Mars extensively over 60 years using telescopes, orbiters, and rovers. From April 2021 to January 24, the Ingenuity helicopter completed its technology demonstration objective by flying more than 17 kilometers above the Martian surface. NASA Everything you need to know about MarsThe Lunar and Planetary Institute provides assorted resources about the red planet, Mars. Review this basic 101 level introduction and get to know our solar system neighbor. Learn about Mars' planet-wide dust storms, staggeringly high mountains (six of which dwarf Mount Everest), and whether there's water there below the surface. USRA 'What each of us must come to realize is that our intent always comes through.'- First African American Supreme Court justice Thurgood Marshall (1908-1993) Biography Mar's moons, Phobos and Deimos, are thought to be captured asteroidsOf the two Martian moons, Phobos orbits more quickly, completing three revolutions a day. It gets 1.8 meters closer to Mars every year, and may crash into the planet in about 50 million years. NASA Science Martian skies and sunsets resembled Earth's hundreds of millions of years agoEvidence suggests that Mars has had a thicker atmosphere, which included greenhouse gases, and a magnetic field in its past, resembling Earth's current composition. After losing its magnetic field—the protection from solar wind—the atmosphere and its associated atmospheric phenomena gradually disappeared. Be Smart Particles found in Martian air pose significant risks to human lungsUltrafine dust, just 3 micrometers wide, is small enough to bypass lung defenses and enter the bloodstream, where its highly reactive chemicals can cause thyroid disease. Silica in the dust can also cause silicosis, a chronic and incurable lung disease. 1440 Daily

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