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Title IXTitle IX of the Education Amendments Act, signed into law by President Richard Nixon on June 23, 1972, prohibits sex-based discrimination in federally funded education programs. Its application significantly impacted college women’s sports programs and changed the landscape for American women’s sports more broadly. The law began as a class action lawsuit filed by a part-time college instructor who believed the hiring process for full-time teachers was discriminatory. That lawsuit inspired a bill authored by Rep. Patsy T. Mink (D-HI), the first woman of color in Congress and someone who openly spoke about gender discrimination. In the decades since Title IX’s passage, there’s been a significant rise in girls’ and women’s athletics. By 2020, the number of women in NCAA sports increased seven times the pre-Title IX rate. Between 1972 and 2019, the number of girls participating in high school sports increased by over 1000%. The growth has unlocked a $1B women’s sports industry.Explore Title IX

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The government has said Title IX does not protect transgender athletes or apply to athlete payIn early 2025, President Donald Trump signed an executive order banning transgender women from college athletics, suggesting the move was in line with Title IX compliance. A week later, the Department of Education said Title IX does not require equitable distribution of name, image, and likeness payments to athletes. Both instances reverse former President Joe Biden’s interpretations of the law. ESPN.com The top 40 athletes of the Title IX eraPublished to mark the 40th anniversary of Title IX's passage, this Sports Illustrated article ranks the top 40 athletes whose careers were significantly shaped by the 1972 law. It highlights pioneers who broke barriers and excelled post-Title IX, emphasizing their athletic achievements and cultural influence. Sports Illustrated Title IX helped push women’s soccer to the world stageIn 1999, Title IX-era stars Mia Hamm and Brandi Chastain helped the US win the 1999 World Cup, drawing a then-record 18 million viewers and popularizing US women’s soccer. Many suggest this would not have been possible without the NCAA’s role as a talent incubator, attracting over 20,000 international athletes annually. New America No school has lost federal funding because of a Title IX violationWhile the law threatens the suspension of federal funds for schools violating the requirements of the law, it has yet to happen. Instead, the Office for Civil Rights has deemed schools working to correct the issues conditionally compliant. Justia Some opponents of Title IX wanted exemptions for revenue-producing sportsOne of the main arguments against Title IX was that it would unfairly punish revenue-generating sports like football and men’s basketball. Senator John Tower (R-TX) proposed exempting those sports from Title IX’s reach. His amendment failed, but the push for a similar modification to the law continued through the decades. The New York Times Title IX compliance relies on a three-part testIn 1979, the Office for Civil Rights issued Title IX’s three-part test to evaluate whether schools offer nondiscriminatory athletic opportunities: proportionate participation, program expansion, or meeting women’s interests. The guidelines offer flexibility without quotas and include specific factors for each item. U.S. Department of Education After Title IX, the University of Chicago advertised a women's academic-athletic scholarshipThere were athletic scholarships for women before Title IX, but the University of Chicago’s Gertrude Dudley Scholarship might’ve been the first to advertise itself as such, taking out an ad in a 1973 issue of Parade magazine. The school received over 1,000 applications. NBC Sports Billie Jean King on playing tennis before Title IXBefore Title IX, tennis legend Billie Jean King not only had to deal with limited resources; she also had to deal with isolating experiences, like being excluded from team photos at Long Beach State and being told to "get lost" by male teammates. (Some readers may experience a paywall.) The Atlantic Before Title IX, boys competing in high school sports far outnumbered girlsIn 1971, the year before Title IX was passed, about 294,000 girls were playing high school sports. That paled in comparison to the number of boys: 3.7M. The New York Times A trailblazing member of Congress was inspired to champion Title IX because of her own experiences Patsy T. Mink (D-HI) was the first woman of color in Congress and one of the law’s biggest proponents. Before elected office, Mink was rejected from 20 medical schools because of her gender. She went on to law school instead, but still faced discrimination after graduation when she was turned down jobs because she was a married woman. The Library of Congress A part-time teacher in Maryland kickstarted Title IXWhen applying for a fill-time position at the University of Maryland, Bernice Sandler was told she "came on too strong" for a woman, leading her to research legal protections against gender discrimination. She found a 1967 Executive Order prohibiting federally funded institutions from discrimination and used it as the basis for a class action lawsuit that would eventually lead to Title IX. PBS Title IX covers all federally funded activities, not just sportsAlthough it’s often associated with women’s sports, the law applies to “any education program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance.” That being said, the law comes with a number of exceptions, including exclusions for same-sex institutions. US Department of Justice WNBA legend Sue Bird credits Title IX for her careerFew athletes are more decorated than Sue Bird, who’s won two NCAA championships, four WNBA titles, and five Olympic gold medals. In this interview, she explains how Title IX allowed her a successful career and why she believes the WNBA’s success is continuing to do the work that Title IX began. ESPN Title IX was signed into law in 1972Title IX of the Education Amendments Act, signed into law by President Richard Nixon on June 23, 1972, prohibits sex-based discrimination in federally funded education programs. In its five-plus decades, it's been credited with increasing the number of women enrolled in college and shaping the modern world of women’s sports. University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign How Title IX changed college basketballUntil Title IX was passed in 1972, the NCAA had little interest in women's sports because it didn't see them as profitable. This article explores how the AIAW was formed to govern women's basketball, and the massive fight the NCAA eventually put up to take over in 1982. Read about the legal battles it took, and how much money women's basketball is bringing to the NCAA now. FightingIllini.com Title IX provided much-needed funding for women's sportsWhen Title IX was passed in 1972, it addressed gender discrimination in education. Although its expected impact on sports was minimal, it ended up being one of the most significant laws in women's sports history. TED-Ed Studies show correlations between women's sports and leadership rolesA 2024 Women’s Sports Foundation report showed 69% of women who played sports held leadership roles. Similarly, a 2015 study showed 94% of women in C-suite roles had been involved with athletics. Fast Company The law increased female participation in sports, along with Olympic medalsIn the decades since Title IX’s passage, there has been a significant rise in female participation in high school (an increase of 239%) and college athletics (an increase of over 1000%). That pattern has led to changes in the highest levels of sport, with more American women winning Olympic medals in the Title IX era. the Guardian The history of the WNBA in 60 secondsWomen’s basketball began in 1892, less than a year after the sport’s invention, but restrictive clothing and societal norms posed early challenges. Senda Berenson modified rules to make the game more “suitable,” limiting dribbling and court movement. By 1971, women began playing with rules similar to men’s, and Title IX in 1972 provided federal funding, opening doors for future athletes. 1440

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