Speeches, great or less than great, are orations, a medieval English term that descends from the Latin "oracioun" for prayer and refers to formal addresses typically delivered to the public.
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One of seven antiapartheid activists charged with sabotage and tried in a racially segregated courtroom, Nelson Mandela showed up to court wearing traditional Xhosa attire and delivered an hourslong address against racial domination. Nelson said he hoped to live to see realized his ideal of a democratic and free society—"But, my Lord, if it needs be, it is an ideal for which I am prepared to die.”
The Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. was still drafting his August 28, 1963, speech the night before he was set to speak to more than 250,000 people at a demonstration in Washington, DC. As he delivered his speech, a cry from his favorite gospel singer to “Tell ‘em about the dream, Martin" prompted King to push aside his prepared remarks and rely on his established refrain.
The US State of the Union speech is an annual event proposed by the country's Constitution and scheduled by its first president. President George Washington was the first to deliver such a speech, by nature of his office, limiting the inaugural "Annual Message" to 1,100 words and 10 minutes. Just 10 years later, the country's second president, John Adams, changed the nascent tradition, instead offering a written statement.
Abraham Lincoln, the 16th president of the United States, wrote his famed Gettysburg Address on a train car. Actually, he had a version of it ready a few days before. Well, really, he came up with it on the spot. Rumors about the speech's creation abound. This 1909 article walks readers through evidence Lincoln's speech was carefully planned and written in Washington, DC (in pencil).
Like many practices handed down throughout the ages, the ability to enrapture audiences through oration is an art. And, like all arts, that means anyone can learn to do it well through practice. The first step to a good speech? Paying attention to the audience. Knowing the intended listeners of a speech and their expectations provides insights on how to connect with them.
On Sept. 12, 1962, President John F. Kennedy set forth this argument for the effort to land humans on the moon’s surface, casting the Apollo mission in terms of historic human ambitions.
Before walking onto a stage or booting up a Zoom meeting to deliver a speech or presentation, you have to know what story you want to tell. This story acts as a keystone, providing an ideological foundation on which the rest of the speech balances. This story should be bigger than the moment it's delivered, giving listeners the ability to connect to expressed concepts across time.
The highest awards in film are highlighted by the winners' speeches. While many give thanks to a list of colleagues, friends, and parents, some diverge into politics, extreme emotion, or goofiness. This incomplete list showcases the most memorable speeches in Academy Award history: from Joe Pesci's in-character six-word thanks, to Sally Fields' candid and humorous one—which inspired some misinterpretations. Learn more here.
In the spring of 2000, famous late night talk show host and comedian Conan O'Brien gave a hilarious, thoughtful speech to the graduating class at Harvard, where he graduated from in 1985. The speech has been noted ever since as a classic example of both wisdom and foolishness. Watch the 20-minute video here.
A rhetorical situation is a framework for analyzing speeches and their reception as a form of persuasion that seeks to influence audience action. According to this framework, understanding a speech's impact requires a deep understanding of its setting. This virtual "untextbook" by Atilla Hallsby, an assistant communications professor at the University of Minnesota Twin Cities, provides examples of rhetorical situations and analysis using current and historical events.