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Monroe DoctrineThe Monroe Doctrine is a US foreign policy principle asserting the United States' primacy in the Western Hemisphere. Introduced in President James Monroe's 1823 annual message to Congress and largely crafted by Secretary of State John Quincy Adams, it originally warned European powers against interfering in the Americas.
The doctrine was largely created in response to a wave of newly independent republics in Latin America, which the US sought to shield from recolonization by Spain and its European allies. Because the US lacked the military strength to back its own declaration, the British Royal Navy effectively upheld it for most of the 19th century, driven by its own interests in North and South America.
Over two centuries, presidents have expanded and reinterpreted the doctrine to fit the geopolitical context. Theodore Roosevelt used it to justify military interventions throughout Latin America, while Franklin Roosevelt later abandoned that approach with his Good Neighbor policy. During the Cold War, it was invoked to oppose Soviet influence in Cuba. In 2025, President Donald Trump announced a "Trump Corollary," vowing to reestablish US "dominance" across the hemisphere.Explore Monroe Doctrine
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President Trump invoked the Monroe Doctrine in 2025, announcing a new 'Trump Corollary'On Dec. 2, 2025, the 202nd anniversary of the doctrine, President Donald Trump issued a proclamation reaffirming US "dominance" in the Western Hemisphere. His administration's national security strategy officially codified the "Trump Corollary," stating that the US would prevent non-hemispheric powers from gaining strategic influence in the Americas. Donald Trump White HouseFDR's Good Neighbor policy reversed the interventionism that had grown from the Monroe DoctrineFranklin Roosevelt pledged in his 1933 inaugural address to be a "good neighbor" to Latin America and to oppose armed intervention by American forces. His administration withdrew troops from previous occupations and signed a multilateral agreement stating that no state has the right to interfere in another's affairs. EBSCOThe Roosevelt Corollary transformed the Monroe Doctrine from a defensive warning into a rationale for US military interventionIn 1904, President Theodore Roosevelt declared that the US had the right to exercise international police power in Latin America. Over the following two decades, the US intervened militarily in the region about a dozen times—often enough that Marines became known locally as "State Department troops." National ArchivesThe Monroe Doctrine helped lead to the American occupation of territory abroadThis podcast explores how the policy motivated a century of US military intervention throughout Latin America, the Caribbean, and the Pacific—covering the annexation of Hawaii, the Spanish-American War, and occupations of Cuba, Haiti, and Panama. History UnpluggedThe British Royal Navy—not the US military—enforced the Monroe Doctrine for most of the 19th centuryIn the early to mid-1800s, the US lacked the ships and military power to prevent European nations from colonizing the Americas. Britain enforced this to protect its commercial interests by keeping rival European powers out of Latin America. History MattersHear about why Europe obeyed the Monroe Doctrine, despite American military weaknessThis podcast explores the European background of the Monroe Doctrine, highlighting France's efforts to install aristocratic Bourbon monarchs in the newly independent Latin American republics—and how US opposition, British threats, and Spanish resistance ultimately disrupted those plans. The Siècle History Podcast The intellectual architect of the Monroe Doctrine was Secretary of State John Quincy Adams, not MonroeAdams, the main foreign relations authority in the Cabinet, shaped the key parts of the Monroe Doctrine speech. He advocated for a unilateral American declaration to warn European powers, rejecting a potential joint statement with Britain favored by some Cabinet members. US State DepartmentRead an excerpt from the Monroe Doctrine, introduced in Monroe's 1823 address to CongressOn Dec. 2, 1823, President Monroe delivered his seventh annual message to Congress, now known as the State of the Union. One segment—warning European powers against interfering in the Western Hemisphere—became known as the Monroe Doctrine. Gilder Lehrman Institute of American HistoryHear the reasoning behind Trump's resurrection of the Monroe Doctrine in 2025This podcast examines the Monroe Doctrine, from its casual origins in an 1823 congressional update to Trump's "Donroe Doctrine"—highlighting how fears of Chinese influence, concerns over oil prices, and the pursuit of hemispheric dominance influenced the administration's policies toward Latin America. Planet MoneyA wave of Latin American independence movements most likely prompted the Monroe DoctrineBetween 1810 and 1822, many Latin American colonies separated from Spanish rule, 10 in the last two years. Concerns that Spain and its European allies might try to regain these republics were a main reason behind Monroe's declaration. Encyclopedia BritannicaThe Monroe Doctrine promoted 4 core principlesMonroe outlined four positions: the US would not interfere in European conflicts; it would not disturb existing European colonies in the Americas; the Western Hemisphere was closed to new colonization; and any European attempt to control an independent American republic would be regarded as a threat to US security. HISTORYJames Monroe first outlined what became known as the 'Monroe Doctrine' during his 1823 Annual Message to CongressPresident Monroe used his Annual Message to Congress to warn European powers against further colonization in the Western Hemisphere, asserting US opposition to foreign intervention and laying the foundation for a cornerstone of American foreign policy that remains to this day. National ArchivesThe Monroe Doctrine was designed to keep Europe out of the AmericasFirst articulated in 1823 by President James Monroe, the doctrine declared the Western Hemisphere off limits to European colonization. It has since been invoked to justify US military interventions in Latin America, from Teddy Roosevelt's takeover of Venezuela to George H.W. Bush's arrest of Panama's leader Manuel Noriega. HISTORYLearn about the history of the Monroe DoctrineCBS Sunday Morning explores the origins of the Monroe Doctrine, tracing how a 19th-century warning against European intervention shaped US foreign policy and influenced America’s role in the Western Hemisphere for generations. CBS Sunday MorningThe diplomat who implemented Monroe's policy introduced the poinsettia to the United StatesJoel Roberts Poinsett, appointed as the first US minister to Mexico in 1825 following the doctrine's announcement, took cuttings of a vibrant Mexican plant called the cuetlaxochitl during his time there. Americans loved the foliage and named it after him. The Ohio State University'The most important single ingredient in the formula of success is knowing how to get along with people.'- Former President Theodore Roosevelt's (1858–1919) Theodore Roosevelt Center
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