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Beat GenerationThe Beat Generation was an American literary movement that rose to prominence in the 1950s. A loosely affiliated collection of poets, novelists, playwrights, publishers, and other artists reacted to what they considered an anti-intellectual and homogeneous social order following World War II. The writing of the Beat Generation used experimental forms, surreal imagery, and vernacular language, and emphasized the importance of "spontaneous prose" to mimic the improvisation of jazz. Although the Beats praised canonical poets like William Blake, Arthur Rimbaud, and Walt Whitman, much of their work sought to rebel against literary tradition. The Beats' radical politics and nonconformity influenced several subsequent countercultural movements, including antiwar and gay rights movements, second-wave feminism, and Black liberation organizations. The aesthetics of the Beat Generation movement found a home in popular music, with artists like Bob Dylan, Lou Reed, and Kurt Cobain citing Beat writers as major influences and collaborators.Explore Beat Generation

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Simone de Beauvoir's 'The Second Sex' merged existentialism with feminismDe Beauvoir’s 1949 philosophical treatise criticized patriarchy and its negative impact on women. She argued that gender differences were mainly due to socialization rather than innate qualities, writing that “one is not born, but rather becomes, a woman.” In turn, de Beauvoir believed women should refuse predetermined gender roles and instead define themselves, echoing a key tenet of existentialism. The CollectorMeta's former chief operating officer, Sheryl Sandberg, is a highly influential female business leaderSandberg joined Facebook as the chief operating officer in 2008, after previously serving as former Treasury Secretary Larry Summers' chief of staff under the Clinton Administration and the vice president of global sales and operations at Google. She built a personal brand for herself as a feminist business leader through becoming Facebook's first female board leader in 2012 and her 2013 book "Lean In: Women, Work, and the Will to Lead." InvestopediaMinnelli collaborated with Pet Shop Boys on an album in the 1980sHer 1989 album "Results" was a rare venture into contemporary pop. Produced by the British pop duo, the tracks are dark and synthy, infused with Minnelli's show-tune background. Music videos that resulted, like for the song "Losing My Mind," are also shot in a style reminiscent of the Pet Shop Boys. (Some readers may experience a paywall.) PitchforkSimone de Beauvoir's lone play has mostly been overlookedAlthough primarily known as a philosopher, Beauvoir wrote the play "The Useless Mouths," which debuted in Paris in November 1945. The work is about a government allowing "useless" citizens—women, children, the elderly—to starve during a food shortage. While it's not widely staged, some Beauvoir scholars believe it's a significant text that explores many of the existential themes she explores in her other work. JSTOR DailyBlurriness in the James Webb Space Telescope's infrared imaging was fixed by AIAustralian researchers developed the Aperture Masking Interferometry Generative Observations AI algorithm to sharpen images affected by electronic distortions in the JWST's Aperture Masking Interferometer. Space.comHigh-heeled shoes only became associated with femininity in the 18th century.High heels originated as practical men’s footwear—used by Persian cavalry and later adopted by European elites, such as Louis XIV, as symbols of power and status. Only in the 18th century did heels become associated with femininity, before periodic male revivals. Daily Art MagazineThe '90s riotgrrrl movement brought female-fronted bands to the frontThe movement—which pushed back on punk’s misogyny and argued for a countercultural form of third-wave feminism—began in self-published magazines before taking root in bands like Bikini Kill and Bratmobile. The scene’s music and ethos can still be found in contemporary acts like Olivia Rodrigo. PolyphonicIndia has a century-old parallel form of science fictionOne of its earliest works was Rokeya Sakhawat Hossain's 1905 feminist utopia "Sultana's Dream." This rich visual essay shows how the genre, while taking inspiration from its western counterpart, evolved from India's distinct cultural, social, and political realities. Alter MagazineThe perception of haunted places is influenced by psychology, setting and suggestionGothic architecture and tragic histories contribute to the perception of hauntings. Infrasound and black mold can cause experiences reminiscent of paranormal phenomena. Although paranormal investigators use technology to seek natural explanations, many paranormal experiences remain non-falsifiable. Popular SciencePop music is often influenced by opera, but rarely embraces the full formAn example is pop singer Rosalía's album "Lux," where she borrows from opera, particularly in her more theatrical approach to singing, without fully embracing the form's theatrics and storytelling. The New York TimesEnglish chemist Rosalind Franklin (1920 - 1958) on the importance of science"Science and everyday life cannot and should not be separated. Science, for me, gives a partial explanation of life." Good ReadsThe story of a bitcoin loophole that gave one man millionsJames Parker discovered a glitch in an Australian cryptocurrency exchange that would allow him to cash in credits worth over $20M and make big gifts to his friends. Like most loopholes, the authorities found out, but not before his life was transformed. The first in a six-part series. GlobalBefore it was a drink, coffee was used for handwashingFive centuries before the caffeinated drink was consumed, coffee beans were used for their aromatic quality. One 10th-century text explains how it "obliterates greasy smells of food on hands and whatever of sweets and fats. Whether traveling or at home, neglect not to wash your hands with it." Atlas ObscuraA 1954 Senate subcommittee investigated the comics industryComic books were wildly popular in the '50s, especially with children, whom some politicians believed were being corrupted by crime and horror comics. A subcommittee convened and eventually determined that “this Nation cannot afford the calculated risk involved in the continued mass dissemination of crime and horror comic books to children.” The government didn't endorse censorship, but the comics industry did, creating its own Comics Code Authority. The Library of CongressA set of wild fan theories about the 'Wizard of Oz'Both the 1900 book and the 1939 film have become iconic classics beloved for decades. The story's mostly undefined symbolism of a yellow brick road, ruby red slippers, and more has left it open to wild interpretation. Some theories suggest the Wizard of Oz is the father of Willy Wonka, or that Dorothy was the Wicked Witch of the East. Mental FlossHow Queen Elizabeth wielded power through fashionOver seven decades, Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom used what she wore to communicate both herself and her duties. Her style evolved over time, culminating in her final decades with "color-blocking" ensembles, where each piece was of the same exact, bright hue. Harper's BAZAARA quote from Van Gogh"Find things beautiful as much as you can, most people find too little beautiful." Van Gogh MuseumA trailblazing member of Congress was inspired to champion Title IX because of her own experiences Patsy T. Mink (D-HI) was the first woman of color in Congress and one of the law’s biggest proponents. Before elected office, Mink was rejected from 20 medical schools because of her gender. She went on to law school instead, but still faced discrimination after graduation when she was turned down jobs because she was a married woman. The Library of CongressLegacies of the French RevolutionThis page explores how the French Revolution influenced later generations by challenging aristocratic privilege and inspiring hopes for freedom worldwide. It shows how these revolutionary values—liberty, equality, fraternity—continued to spark political and social change long after 1789. Exploring the French RevolutionThe 1980s brought luxury items into the bathroomCompanies produced items like waterproof radios and targeted them at people under 30, marketing the devices as hip ways to stay clean. The MIT Press ReaderThe "reminiscence bump" causes memories from adolescence to lastResearch shows that the "reminiscence bump" phenomenon, which applies to memories formed between the ages of 10 and 30, contributes to songs from those ages triggering the most intense nostalgia. This may be due to biological and hormonal changes enhancing memory effectiveness during adolescence. Psychology TodayThe Recount explains why girlbosses get accused of being 'white feminists'In a video, a podcaster interviews an expert on the girlboss movement and a separate expert on “white feminism” in an attempt to understand how these two ideas intersect and overlap. It also includes a definition of white feminism and an explanation of how it differs from other types of feminist thought. The RecountThe Bakersfield Sound challenged the music's creeping respectabilityAs country music leaned towards the slick Nashville Sound in the 1950s, several artists operating outside that city reacted with rougher sounds more reminiscent of honky tonk and early rock ‘n’ roll. It came to be known as the Bakersfield Sound, reflecting the California agricultural region. Merle Haggard